GNU Public License Essay Example for Free

GNU Public License Essay There are multiple operating systems out there available for a number of platforms, or systems, to run. The most popular of which, is Microsoft Windows. As we all know, Windows is not a free program and Microsoft is trying to instill a subscription fee to use Microsoft products. For years, the money hungry corporation has left many people searching for an alternative. In comes Linux. Linux is a UNIX based platform that uses the GNU General Public License. Linux is a very popular platform for a multitude of reasons, but above all else, it’s because it’s a free platform that has become what it is now due to GNU. The purpose of this paper is not, in fact, to speak about Linux, Windows, or any other operating system, but to talk about what the GNU public license is, and it’s role in information technology today. So what is the GNU public license? According to â€Å"GNU Operating System† (2007), â€Å"The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software and other kinds of works.† (Preamble). What does this mean? Well, a copyright license for software, or any other type of works, are designed to take away the freedom of developers to share or change the software or work licensed. For example, Microsoft has a license agreement that prevents you from doing any modifications to any of their software, and stipulates any fees or distributions with that software. The exact opposite is true for the GNU General Public License as its intentions is to guarantee your freedom to modify and share any and all versions of a program or software covered by the GNU. This, in turn, ensures the software, or works, will remain free for all of its users. The GNU Public Licenses are designed to enable individuals the right to freely distribute copies of the free software, with provided source code, that you can modify and charge for if you like. If you modify it, add your own source coding to enhance or individualize the program, you have the right to charge for the software. You can also use parts, or all, of the coding from these software applications in new free programs. In order to protect your rights, the GNU prevents others from denying, or  forcing you to relinquish any rights you have to the software. Now, with that being said, if you wish to distribute copies of the software, modify it, or sell it, you will need to comply with certain responsibilities to respect the freedom of other potential users of this software. So, if you decide to distribute copies of a program you’ve been working on under the GNU, free or otherwise, you should pass on the same rights to others that you received yourself. This means you need to make the source code available for those just as it was made available for you. Developers using the GNU general public license protect your rights in two ways. This is done by asserting a copyright on the software, as well as offering you access to this license to legally give you permission to modify, copy or distribute it. On the same note, for the author or developers’ protection, the GPL states there is no warranty to cover any software obtained under the GNU. For the protection of the developers, or any authors, the GPL requires that any modified versions must be marked as changed, so that any potential problems will not be attributed mistakenly to any previous developers. Finally, software patents constantly threaten all programs. To ensure their protection, the GPL assures that all patents cannot be used to render any program as non-free. The GNU general public license is a remarkable agreement giving many developers the free reign to modify and personalize software that they did not originally develop. This allows businesses the right to customize programs to fit their needs, and not be liable for any wrongdoing by modifying the original software. I am a huge fan of the GNU, and highly recommend you look into the use of GNU software as well. References GNU Operating System. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html Stalling, W. (2012). Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles (7th ed.). Retrieved from https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Classroom/#/contextid/OSIRIS:44214502/context/co/view/activityDetails/activity/987e268c-c478-4f85-ab08-ea8d45bb90a3/expan

The Role Of Electronic Communication Essay Example for Free

The Role Of Electronic Communication Essay Introduction Advertising, IMC and mass communication are some of the proven methods for achieving maximum results for demonstrating a product for sale. Whether it is movies, FMCGs, industrial electronics or automobiles. General Motors, Procter Gamble and AOL spend $2 billion dollar on advertising. McDonald’s spends $1.3 billion per year on advertising. Warner Brothers, Walt Disney and MGM also spend billions of dollars for advertising of cartoons and movies.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a survey of marketing professionals, it was identified that, media advertising (26 per cent) public relations (25 percent) product placement (13 per cent) opined that these are the worst tools of providing return on investment. Consequent to these opinions, there emerged Integrated brand promotion (IBP) which includes direct marketing, sales promotions and coupons are some of the tools which maximize return on investment.   In spite of all these facts, advertising still continues to be dominant by spending billions of dollars in the media which draws an acceptable fact that advertising is influencing which IBP cannot do for deriving ROI.   â€Å"Integrated Management Communication (IMC) is a process of using promotional tools in a unified way so that a synergistic communication effect is created â€Å" (Thomas C.O,Guinn, p.38) Whereas practice of advertising ethics in the words of Chris moore, Ogilvy and Mather      â€Å"80% of American companies have a written code of ethics and probably 100% of you do too, if you gave it some thought and wrote it down. Ethics happen, or don’t in our relationships with others. Advertisers are in the business of communicating with thousands, even millions of others’ all the time. That gives us thousands or millions of chances to practice what we believe everyday. And try to get it right.† Research question People continue to use television, mobiles, radio, internet, magazines and   newspapers for both domestic and work purposes which gives a clear indication that advertising and communication have speed up the activities of business whether it is in mobiles, electronics or automobiles or FMCGs. H.J.Heinz Company which manufactures green chilli sauce, red chilli sauce, paprika   and   soya sauce has designed its own guidelines for consumer education, public relations, marketing communications and advertising. The company has also its own set of general principles in terms of advertising and communication.  Ã‚   In Darden school of business, there is a team of seven professionals who possess vast experience in communications and marketing.   The impart of education has passed several stages reaching the acme of perfection and innovation. With the above discussion, it cannot be concluded that tech-savvy days have made the role of advertising and communications saturated.   There is still scope for research whereas one definite research question that arises in the minds of companies which is that media that catches the eye of consumer in advertising that sells products faster,   quicker and helps in better target achievement ?. With the availability of world wide web,   advertising, marketing and   selling have become much easier for companies. Another advantage is Internet advertising is proving cost effective for companies as it is tapping millions of customers who are shopping online. Virtualflowers.com sells flowers, gift articles   online and   delivers   the articles and flowers on time all over the world.  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are such other multinational companies such as Microsoft, Dell,   Intel and HP who with the advantage of Internet advertising and marketing have made business a great success by supplying computers, accessories and printers. Research question and explanation    Which is that media that catches the eye of consumer in advertising that sells products faster,   quicker and helps in better target achievement ?. Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) has gained excessive prominence as a new paradigm which states some of the facts that television is no longer holds good view for marketing whereas database is considered as powerful tool for marketing.   Old concepts, strategies and single selling messages   are considered to be invalid by companies with the changing tech-savvy times.   Some of the important tools of IMC are direct marketing, event sponsorship, sales promotions, Internet and   public relations.   Every business needs an idea to advertise and market its product. There is required to be a perfect connection or link of communication between a customer and a company using advertising and marketing as an effective tool to convey a message to purchase products while signifying   importance of products along with use and benefits through advertising and marketing. Finelight.com is one professional company which helps to connects customers and products through the medium of powerful communication. Finelight has a bunch of advertisers, marketers, writers, designers, innovators with professional approach in communication.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The present buzz of IMC will continue as emphasis is laid on outgoing message in communication. Multinational companies by far have been very successful by implementing IMC as it covers the entire stratum of models of marketing. viz., (1) customer database (2) strategies (3) tactics or techniques (4) evaluation of results (5) completion of loop begin # 1 again.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Alternatively, 4P vs 4Cs   (1) Not product care for consumer (2) Not price, care for cost (3) Not place care for convenience (4) Not promotion care for communication. Discussion on theoretical framework   Information in technology times is immeasurably valuable and customer looks for information in every source and how to utilize and derive benefits in every sphere and stage of life. A heavy and reliable source of information is World Wide Web wherein bundles and scrolls of latest information is available for the benefit of customers. Whereas customer should be able to distinguish between a fake news and an acceptable facts of information. Bluenile.com sells diamonds and pearls online at a reasonable price and ships all over the world.   The company sends product news to its customers in order to take advantage of discount offers and also to entertain customers about its products.   Such email news provided to the customers is of great benefit and customers do not like to shop elsewhere as the customer service is perfect with bluenile.com.  Ã‚   The emphasis here is about the importance of   information and the respect that a customer receives from the company. Whereas there is every possibility for information that gets outdated within no time and information processing is very important for companies in order to keep the customers   updated about products.   World Wide Web entails global competition, quick communication and a constant thrive to stay ahead holding a distinct views and   facts not perceptions about marketing. Fleetboss is a leading developer and distributor of GPS-based fleet management systems. The company has been committed to excellent customer relations and marketing so much that a director has been exclusively appointed for marketing communications which includes media, dealers apart from internal and external communications.   Also directors develops advertising and sales promotions with vast professional experience. Methods    Understanding about customer mindset is the key for effective communication whether it is through Internet, direct selling or magazines, newspapers or mobile marketing. Consumers discard the information that is not important or useful on a day basis. Therefore marketing message must be selected, processed and tested on the following basis: Must be enabled of life experience that can be easily understood and receive the message and concept of communication. e.g. advertisements of deodorants (Axe), Garnier wrinkle lift and Cadbury chocolates. Customer must be related to the idea that is categorized. .e.g. Crack cream that is   useful for women for cracked heels or pain relief external applications for body pains. . Customer must get linked immediately to the communication that is already created in mindset. e.g. Ddamas gold and jewellery advertisement leaves an impact on the customer to search for and buy online. The presentation of message must be acceptable, justifiable and must convey appropriate message. Improper messages are bound to be ignored by the customer which is called as â€Å"judgment system†Ã‚   which means that consumers accept or discard information against what already has been judged to accept, adapt or reject the new material. Rejection of communication proves that sales promotion has been a failure. A marketer who presents non-integrated messages   have to ready to accept risks as the conflicts are bound to arise in the consumer’s information processing. Paypal.com uses mobile communication to send or receive payments from the customers which is directly helpful to customer saving time and easy to get access. No two customer’s taste or choice of purchase is similar with the fact if one customer purchases red roses on line, the other purchases cala lilly flowers. If one customer asks for AMEX card, the other applies for Mastercard.   Especially online identification of customers requires extra care, expert knowledge of human psychology and marketing communication techniques such that the words used on web should be influencing and effective to drive a customer to purchase when visiting web sites for products. Ebay is a globally successful company which is recording sales turnover increasingly as buyers are sellers are enabled to purchase goods online through the medium of auction and brand new sale of goods. World wide web enables electronic payment system, safe delivery of goods and security and encryption of credit cards and debit cards. Business directories, pop-up ads, banner advertisements on web sites, classified ads, search engines such as google, yahoo, overture, sify, rediffmail have been extensively useful in finding products of sale through which these companies have grown to a giant size in a span of less than a decade and still going strong with the growing customer base and innovative selling concepts still pending for testing. Amazon.com and BarnesNobles have a success story in sale of books where latest books are accessed by buyers and purchased. Access to libraries also is a source of cognitive and rationale thinking.  Ã‚   Marketing of products can be communicated through several means via the medium of Internet which is a powerful means of communication as millions are logging to Internet all over the world making www most affordable for online purchases of goods and materials. Literature review    World link Technologies is a broadband solution provider in the city of New York, serving medium and small sized business market providing high-speed data solutions. The company is based on a new business model   (ASPs) focusing only on customer’s needs.   In this world of ever changing of business and commerce, strategies of planning for marketing communication are always under recycling process for renewal of ideas in new millennium. According to an estimate an average American is exposed to 3,000 marketing messages daily via the medium of television, radio, billboard ads, logos on clothes and Internet banners. (Johnson 2001) . Consumer distrust also has increased with the scandals of WorldCom, Arthur Anderson and Enron which were highly reputed until investors were informed about the unethical marketing practices.  Ã‚   This has caused a great attention and a matter of severe concern for multinational companies to practice ethical marketing plans for greater attention of consumers. Emotional selling messages such as ‘soft-sell-approach’ instead of ‘hard-sell’ have been accepted.   PG Web Marketing 2001 launched a ‘seeding approach’ for marketing teeth-whitening product.   This approach considered by experts as a holy grail in twenty-first century marketing communication. ‘We live in interesting times’ – Maurice Levy and Dan O’Donoghue   and these interesting times must be turned to the advantage and benefit of companies as well customers and must not mis-utilised with an acceptable fact that technology, psychology of marketing must sell concepts and products instead of creating scams and scandals. Conclusion    Marketers who are taking the advantage of World Wide Web to market products must take social environments, changing business times and the psychology of a customer.   Consumers always change interests, ideas and choice of purchases. These must be considered coupled with holistic approach in marketing communication.  Ã‚   Internet has carved and shaped several successful multinationals through the medium of marketing communication and this will certainly witness a rapid progress apart from creating employment, selling and buying opportunities, commencement of SMEs   whereas a particular unique business models and marketing communication strategies must be worked out in order to become success on world wide web. References    Books Allen J. (2005) Marketing Communication: New approaches, Technologies,and styles Accessed 1 May 2007 Thomas C.O’Guinn, Christ T.Allen, Richard (2005) Advertising and integrated brand promotion Accessed on 1 May 2007 H.J.Heinz Company Worldwide guidelines Consumer education, Public relations, Marketing communications and Advertising Accessed 1 May 2007 http://www.heinz.com/Communications_guidelines.aspx Fleetboss appoints New Marketing Communications Director following a great success in 2003. Accessed 1 May 207    http://www.fleetboss.com/releases.asp?RELEASE_ID=31 Integrated Marketing Communication    Accessed 1 May 2007    http://www.entarga.com/mktgplan/imc.htm New Business model for ASPs – Marketing communication    Accessed 1 May 2007    http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CMN/is_4_37/ai_62051114    Office of communication and marketing    Accessed 1 May2007    http://www.darden.virginia.edu/html/standard.aspx?menu_id=182id=4524

Critically review recent public health policy developments

Critically review recent public health policy developments This assignment will critically review recent public health policy developments in the field of Cancer in England also it will evaluate its effectiveness and implications for public health and health promotion practice. This assignment will first briefly review the recent public health policies of England starting from Health of the Nation white paper (1992), Saving lives white paper (1999), Cancer Plan (2000) Choosing health white paper (2004) and the most recent public health policy for Cancer Cancer Reform Strategy (2007). After reviewing the recent public health policy developments for cancer in England, evaluation and implications of these policies will be discussed. From 1992 to 1997, the Health of the Nation (HOTN) strategy was the central plank of health policy in England and formed the context for the planning of services provided by the National Health Services (NHS). The HOTN policy focused on five key areas: coronary heart disease and stroke; cancer; mental illness; HIV/AIDS and sexual health; and accidents. Each area had a statement of main objectives attached to it, together with twenty seven targets across the areas. Cancer targets of the HOTN policy were to, reduce death rate for breast cancer in women invited for screening by more than 25% by 2000, reduce incidence of invasive cervical cancer by 20% by 2000, reduce death rate for lung cancer in those aged less than 75 by 30% (men) and 15% (women) by 2010, halt year on year increase in incidence of skin cancer by 2005 (Department of Health 1992). Health of the Nation white papers importance lay in the fact that it represented the first explicit attempt by government to provide a strategic approach to improve the overall health of the population. But according to the review of the HOTNs policy commissioned by Department of Health 2000, HOTNs policy failed over its five year lifespan to recognize its full potential and was handicapped from the outset by numerous flaws of both a conceptual and process type nature. Its impact on policy documents peaked as early as 1993; and, by 1997, its impact on local health policy making was negligible. The HOTNs policy was regarded as a Department of Health initiative which lacked cross-departmental commitment and ownership. At local level, it was seen as principally a health service document and lacked local government ownership. (The Health of the Nation a policy assessed 2000). The White Paper Saving Lives Our Healthier Nation was published on 6 July 1999 together with Reducing Health Inequalities: an Action Report. These two documents set out the Governments strategy for health for the next 10 years. They brought a new and important focus to the promotion of health and the prevention of ill-health. The health strategy set out in the White Paper was centred on four priority areas (cancer, coronary heart disease and stroke, accidents and mental health). Action to tackle these important areas of ill-health was set in the context of both a Government-wide agenda to address the underlying causes (through, for example, measures to combat poverty, to improve education and work opportunities, and to improve the environment including the quality of the housing stock); also through the wider public health agenda, specifically action to tackle smoking (DH 2000) The NHS Cancer Plan (2000) was the first comprehensive National cancer programme for England. It had four aims: to save more lives, to ensure people with cancer get the right professional support and care as well as the best treatments, to tackle the inequalities in health that mean unskilled workers are, twice as likely to die from cancer as professionals, to build for the future through investment in the cancer workforce, through strong research and through preparation for the genetics, revolution, so that the NHS never falls behind in cancer care again (NHS Cancer Plan 2000) . According to Department of Health (2000), for the first time this plan provided a comprehensive strategy for bringing together prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment and care for cancer and the investment needed to deliver these services in terms of improved staffing, equipment, drugs, treatments and information systems. At the heart of the Plan there were three new commitments. 1) In addition to the ex isting (Smoking Kills white paper 1998) target of reducing smoking in adults from 28% to 24% by 2010, new national and local targets to address the gap between socio-economic groups in smoking rates and the resulting risks of cancer and heart disease. 2) New goals and targets was set to reduce waiting times for diagnosis and treatment of cancer so that no one should wait longer than one month from an urgent referral for suspected cancer to the beginning of treatment except for a good clinical reason or through patient choice. 3) An extra  £50 million NHS investment a year by 2004 in hospices and specialist palliative care, to improve access to these services across the country. For the first time ever, NHS investment in specialist palliative care services will match that of the voluntary sector (Cancer Plan DH 2000). There were enormous achievements since the NHS Cancer Plan 2000, like action on tobacco and the smoking ban had led to a fall in smoking rates (from 28% of the population in 1998 to 24% in 2005), amounting to 1.6 million fewer smokers. More cancers were detected through screening by National Cancer Screening Programmes for breast, bowel and cervical cancers. New screening programmes were introduced as and when they were proven to be both clinically and cost effective. Waiting times for cancer care have reduced dramatically. There had been a major increase in the use of drugs approved by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), to treat cancer with less variation between cancer networks. Since April 1 2009, patients undergoing treatment for cancer, including the effects of past cancer treatment, have been able to apply for a medical exemption certificate. It is expected that the new scheme will benefit up to 150,000 people already diagnosed with cancer, who might pay  £100 or more each year in prescription charges (NHS Cancer Plan DH, 2010) Although there are tremendous improvements of NHS Cancer Plan according to Department of health but according to the The Lancet Oncology editorial 2009 the NHS cancer plan for England was set up, at least in part, in reaction to data from the EUROCARE project, which showed that England cancer survival rates was lagging behind the rest of the Europe. The stated aim of the plan was: By 2010, Englands five year survival rates for cancer will compare with the best in Europe. Despite all the caveats that must be borne in mind when extrapolating from available data, and when comparing across European countries, the evidence available suggests that England is at best keeping track with improvements elsewhere, rather than closing the gap, and that the 2010 cancer target looks optimistic. Solutions to the problems of cancer are not easy, but perhaps the time has come to consider rather more fundamental changes to the NHS than are offered in the cancer plan if England is to truly offer world c lass healthcare (The Lancet Oncology 2009). According to Bosanquet et al (2008) huge amounts of money have been thrown at cancer in NHS cancer plan. The exact sum is opaque but the investment in cancer care has more than tripled over the past decade and now have approached European levels but improvements in cancer survival rates is not comparable with other European countries (Bosanquet et al, 2008). The Choosing Health White Paper was published in November 2004.   Choosing Health identified six key priority areas: tackling health inequalities, reducing the numbers of people who smoke, tackling obesity, improving sexual health, improving mental health and well-being, reducing harm and encouraging sensible drinking (Choosing Health, Department of Health 2004). Choosing health policy was particularly successful in banning the smoking in public places (Department of Health 2010). Before reviewing the most recent public health policy development for Cancer in England it is important to look at the current and past statistics of Cancer in the England. Also according to the Parkin (2006) accurate statistics on cancer occurrence and outcome are essential both for the purposes of research (into causes, prevention and treatment of cancer) and for the planning and evaluation of programmes for cancer control. According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) 2010 UK the four most common cancers, breast, lung, colorectal and prostate accounted for more than half of the 245,300 new cases of malignant cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) registered in England in 2007. Of the total number of new cases in 2007 in England, 123,100 were in males and 122,200 in females, breast cancer accounted for 31 per cent of all cases of cancers in England among women and prostate cancer accounted for 25 per cent of all cases of cancers in England among men. Cancer is predomin antly a disease of older people as only 0.5 per cent of cases registered in 2007 in England were in children (age under 15) and 25 per cent were in people aged under 60. Between 1971 and 2007, the age-standardised incidence of cancer increased by around 21 per cent in males and 45 per cent in females in England. In each year in England over one in four people die from cancer. In England cancer accounts for 30 per cent of all deaths in males and 25 per cent of all deaths in females (ONS UK, 2010). Survival rates of cancer patients in England varies by type of cancer and, for each cancer, by a number of factors including sex, age and socio-economic status. Five-year relative survival is very low (in the range 3-16 per cent) for cancers of the pancreas, lung, oesophagus, stomach and brain for patients diagnosed in England in 2001-06, compared with ovarian cancer (39 per cent), cancers of the bladder, colon and cervix (47-64 per cent), and cancers of the prostate and breast (77-82 per c ent). In England for the majority of cancers, a higher proportion of women than men usually survives for at least five years after diagnosis. Among adults, the younger the age at diagnosis, the higher the survival for almost every cancer. In England five year survival rates for patients diagnosed between 2001-06 have improved slightly or stayed stable for 16 of the 21 most common cancers compared to the period 2000-04 (Cancer Research UK, ONS UK 2010). The most recent public health policy for cancer in England is the Cancer Reform Strategy (DH 2010). The Cancer Reform Strategy published in December 2007, builds on progress made since publication of the NHS Cancer Plan in 2000 and sets out a clear direction for cancer services. According to the document of Cancer Reform Strategy published by Department of Health (2007), it shows how by 2012 cancer services in England can be among the best in the world. It also launched three new initiatives: 1) The National Awareness and Early Diagnosis Initiative, aimed to raise awareness of cancer symptoms among the public and health professionals and encourage those who may have symptoms to seek early attention. Almost  £5 million was allocated to the NHS to support cancer networks and primary care trusts in improving awareness of cancers and promoting early diagnosis. 2) The National Cancer Survivorship Initiative is working to improve support for the 1.63 million people currently living with and beyond cancer in England. 3) The National Equality Initiative is working to reduce inequalities in cancer care. According to the Department of health (2010) the aims of the Cancer Reform Strategy is to build on progress already made and meet remaining challenges, the government has developed this strategy to set out the next steps for delivering cancer services in England, by saving more lives through prevention of cancer whenever possible and through earlier detection and better treatment, by improving patients quality of life by ensuring services patient centred and well-coordinated and by offering choice where appropriate, increase public awareness of cancer, reduce inequalities in access to services and in service quality thereby reducing inequalities in cancer outcomes, build for the future, through education, research and workforce development, and enable cancer care to be delivered in the best place, at the right time. Prevention of cancer by screening is a most important aspect to tackle cancer. NHS Screening programmes are part of the Cancer reform strategy 2007. According to NHS Screening Programme (2010), over half of all cancers in the past could be prevented if people adopted healthy lifestyles such as: by stopping smoking, avoiding obesity, eating a healthy diet, undertaking a moderate level of physical activity, avoiding too much alcohol, and excessive exposure to sunlight. According to the NHS Cervical Screening Programme (2010), it saves up to 4,500 lives in England every year. Within the NHS Cervical Screening Programme in England, women aged 25 to 49 are invited for free cervical screening every three years, and women aged 50 to 64 are invited every five years. Women over the age of 65 are invited if their previous three tests were not clear or if they have never been screened. According to the NHS Breast Screening Programme (2010), its breast screening awareness programme regarded as one of the best screening programmes in the world, saving an estimated 1,400 lives each year. 96.4 per cent of women who have had invasive breast cancer detected by screening are alive five years later. Under the NHS Breast Screening Programme, breast screening is provided every three years for all women in England aged 50 and over. Currently, women aged between 50 to 69 years are invited routinely and women over the age of 70 can request free three-yearly screening.  The eligible age range for routine breast screening will be extended further to provide nine screening rounds between 47 and 73 years. According to the NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (2010), it is one of the first National bowel screening programmes in the world and the first cancer screening programme in England to include men as well as women. All men and women aged 60 to 69 are expected to be included by December 2010, meaning around 2 million men and women will be screened and an estimated 3,000 cancers detected every year. The programme will be extended from 2010 to include men and women aged 70-75 years. According to the Lancet Oncology editorial (2009), although the Governments Cancer Plan and Cancer Reform Strategy has had some impact on how long sufferers survive after diagnosis, it is still struggling to close the gap between England and other European countries. A study by Bernard Rachet et al, (2007) published in the Lancet Oncology journal also suggested that some of the improvements in cancer in England merely reflect ongoing trends in cancer cure rather than real change. There are also large variations in cancer cure and survival rates across the country, with patients in the North West of England still more likely to die earlier from the same cancer as those in the South of England. An editorial in the journal also warns that the time has come to consider more fundamental change in the NHS than the Cancer Plan and Cancer Reform Strategy offers. The study by Bernard Rachet et al, (2007) in The Lancet Oncology journal looked at survival rates for 21 common cancers, comparing the rates in England and Wales, ( in Wales a similar scheme like Cancer Plan was introduced only in 2006) most cancers showed a rise in survival rates in England compared to Wales after 2001, but there was a fall in the survival rates in England compared to Wales for bladder cancer, Hodgkins lymphoma and leukaemia (blood cancer). According to the Professor Karol Sikora, medical director of Cancer Partners UK, (Lancet Oncology 2009) that there is no striking improvement in the cancer cure rates and survival rates in England, despite the huge resources involved in the NHS cancer Plan and Cancer reform strategy, also there is still wide regional variation in survival, with deprivation still being linked to poor outcome, a factor which the plan was meant to address. Also according to Karol Sikora, access to new cancer drugs in England is also poor, the latest EU comparator (2008) shows that the use of six cancer drugs approved in the past three years is fivefold less in the UK than the EU average. According to Ciaran Devane Macmillan Cancer Support (Telegraph UK April 2010), although there are more cancer survivors in England because of both the improvements in treatment and an ageing population, but this does not show the whole picture of cancer policy of England. After once the treatment of cancer ends, many patients feel abandoned by the NHS and struggle to cope with the long-term effects of cancer, and cancer treatment. The NHS cancer policy needs to ensure all cancer patients have the support they need to manage the long term effects of cancer treatment. A recent report by National Radiotherapy Advisory Group (2007) suggests that England need a massive 90% expansion in radiotherapy provision for cancer patients. According to Crump (2009) that in England radiotherapy for cancer patients is at the same level as it was in the 1980s, with only 7% of eligible patients getting precisely targeted intensity-modulated radiotherapy. In conclusion of this assignment, although the recent public health policy developments in field of cancer have shown some success in England but there are certain areas where significant improvement is require like early detection of cancers to reduce higher incidence rates of cancer by decreasing the waiting times for patients and cancer survival rates especially when comparing to other top European countries. There is a need to change cancer policy of England to meet the real requirements of current and future cancer patients.

Lesbian Photographers :: Photography Homosexuality Sexuality Essays

Lesbian Photographers Joan Scott makes many assertions in her historical essay on gender. The key point that plays into my own research is that â€Å"gender is a primary way of signifying relationships of power.† Power, in the case of women and photography, is controlling the political economy of photography--- as in the ability to control or inform both the denotations, and connotations of a photograph. My research project on lesbian and queer photography from the 1930s to today in America illustrates that there is unequal distribution of power, with a strong correlation to race, class, and gender. This mal-distribution of power changes over time and large shifts link with other large shifts in social change. Through oral histories I conducted with lesbian photographers I learned firsthand that telling lesbian or queer history means understanding the politics of shifting power of photographic representation. As Barthes explains in his essay The Photographic Paradox, scholars must look at bot h the denotations and connotations of a photograph in order to completely understand its meaning. A long history of lesbian photography shows how as social changes reconstructed ideas of women, lesbian photography both reflected changes and offered challenges, particularly with gender, sexuality, and race. As in the case for many social groups, the power to produce the lesbian image is skewed over race, class, and gender. An unequal distribution of resources because of race, class, and gender means that there are fewer resources to spread among those who seek to take pictures. In the early days of photography, those with access to photography were overwhelmingly white, male, and middle or upper class. Race, class, and gender also affected the imagining of documentation by photography, the availability of personal space, capital to purchase equipment, and funds to support taking pictures as a living. Furthermore, in order to get pictures published, the photographer needed connections or money. These prohibitive costs prevent an unforeseen number of women, minorities, and poor from imagining that they could record their lives by photograph, so many of these individuals and groups came to be represented by pictures taken by those whose primary identity may lie outside tha t group. A lack of photographers from the inside of the group did not mean that a group wouldn’t be photographed.

david souter :: essays research papers

Birth, Residence, and Family Born September 17, 1939 in Melrose, Massachusetts, son of Joseph Alexander and Helen Adams Hackett Souter. Education Harvard College, A.B. 1961, Phi Beta Kappa, selected Rhodes Scholar; Magdalen College, Oxford, 1963, A.B. in Jurisprudence 1989, M.A. 1989; Harvard Law School, LL.B. 1966. Law Practice Associate, Orr and Reno, Concord, NH, 1966-1968. Government Service Assistant Attorney General of New Hampshire, 1968-1971; Deputy Attorney General of New Hampshire, 1971-1976; Attorney General of New Hampshire, 1976-1978. Judicial Offices Associate Justice, New Hampshire Superior Court, 1978-1983; Associate Justice, New Hampshire Supreme Court, 1983-1990; Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, 1990; Associate Justice, Supreme Court of the United States, 1990. Other Assignments Maine-New Hampshire Interstate Boundary Commission, 1971-1975; New Hampshire Police Standards and Training Council, 1976-1978; New Hampshire Governor's Commission on Crime and Delinquency, 1976-1978, 1979-1983; New Hampshire Judicial Council, 1976-1978. Civic Activities Trustee, Concord Hospital, Concord, New Hampshire, 1972-1985, President 1978-1984; Trustee, New Hampshire Historical Society, 1976-1985; Vice President, 1970-1985, Overseer, Dartmouth Medical School, 1981-1987. Affiliations with Professional Organizations and Academic Institutions Merrimack County Bar Association; New Hampshire Bar Association; American Bar Association; Honorary Fellow, American Bar Foundation; National Association of Attorneys General; Honorary Fellow, American College of Trial Lawyers; Honorary Master of the Bench, Gray's Inn, London; Honorary Fellow, Magdalen College, Oxford; Associate, Lowell House, Harvard College. David H. Souter was born in Melrose, Massachusetts, on September 17, 1939. He graduated from Harvard University in 1961. The following year he studied at Magdalen College in Oxford, England, as a Rhodes Scholar. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1966. Souter was admitted to the bar and joined a law firm in Concord, New Hampshire. In 1968, he became an Assistant Attorney General of New Hampshire. In 1971, Souter became Deputy Attorney General and in 1976 Attorney General of the State of New Hampshire. During these years Souter also served on the New Hampshire Governor's Commission on Crime and Delinquency, the New Hampshire Judicial Council, the Maine-New Hampshire Interstate Boundary Commission, and the New Hampshire Policy Standards and Training Council.

Bilingual Education Essay -- Teaching Education

Bilingual Education Our school systems play host to dozens of languages in addition to the standard fare of English. Starting in the late 1960s, partially as a swing off the Civil Rights Movement, school systems were required by law to provide bilingual education anytime twenty or more children spoke the same foreign language, and were found to be limited in their English proficiency. At first, the need for such programs was small, but over time it has been steadily increasing until now where the need has reached what many consider to be massive. In recent years, the population of the United States has exploded with many non-English speaking students, making the need for bilingual education more urgent. Although this amount is growing yearly, it is inadequate to provide the much needed instruction for this special subset of children. Bilingual education is a must if children are to succeed in the academic environment and in becoming productive adults. Numerous researchers have reported a correlation between a student’s world experience and their level of reading comprehension. Often times stories and reading material are written from a largely white perspective and this results in less overall comprehension and poor reading scores especially for the Limited English Proficient student. Bilingual programs allow such children the opportunity to become acquainted with the concepts first in their own language and then in the predominant language of this country, English. Linguists have found that the strongest way to learn a language is to have a strong base in one's native language. A child who has learned to write and read in the native language will build strong language skills. Statistics show that that the average language-minority child who is not given bilingual education is more likely to be held back one or more years in their elementary school education, and there is a direct correlation between the dropout rate, and non-receipt of bilingual education. As with practically any academic pursuit, a student’s success or failure in reading comprehension is highly dependent it seems on their cultural background. On the language in which classroom materials are both written and spoken in, the student’s proficiency in both their first and second languages, and on the cultural content of the classroom materials. Likewise, a student’s ... ... the ability to choose, just as everyone else has. To conclude, language goes hand-in-hand with culture, and a student’s success in learning a new language is directly dependent on their willingness to take on new cultural behaviors. A student who is well grounded in his or her own native language is much more likely to succeed in a largely English-speaking academic environment. Bilingual education programs give the student the opportunity, and the desire to become acquainted with a new culture and a new language. This makes them much more likely to succeed academically once they are out of school, and have taken their places as adults in society. Bibliography: Works Cited Anzaldua,Gloria. â€Å"How To Tame A Wild Tongue.† The Norton Reader.Eds. Peterson, Linda H., John C. Brereton, and Joan E. Hartman. New York:Norton & Company, 2000. 537-542 Rodriguez,Richard. â€Å"Aria.† The Norton Reader. Eds. Peterson, Linda H., John C. Brereton, and Joan E. Hartman. New York:Norton & Company, 2000. 531-536 Tannen,Deborah. â€Å"Conversational Styles.† The Norton Reader.Eds. Peterson, Linda H., John C. Brereton, and Joan E. Hartman. New York:Norton & Company, 2000. 545-550

Progressive Movement Era Essay

Progressive Movement is defined as an effort to cure and prevent many of the ills of American society after significant industrial growth took place in the end of the 19th century. This movement promoted the idea that all people are equally capable of improving ills of society. Progressivism strongly rejected Social Darwinism. Moreover, the Movement strongly opposed corruption in all its displays and supported trends to make the country defend worker’s rights. Progressivisms tended to protect ordinary citizens, though it rejected the church stressing that it shouldn’t be the driving force for changes. Speaking about beliefs of Progressive Movement it is necessary to underline that its leaders promoted urban-industrial society. Moreover, they believed in human abilities to make our society better by improving living conditions. Further, they believed in necessity to intervene in social, political and economic affairs of the country. Speaking about views of trusts, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 appeared to be effective federal measure aiming at limiting the power of companies to control the highest percentage of the market share. In other words, Progressivism promoted the idea of intervention into all spheres of government. Progressive leaders argued that effective means should be implemented to deal with the ills produced by trusts. They referred to trust-busting and regulatory approaches. In foreign policy Progressive leaders practiced more imperialistic and active approach in contrast to the Founding Fathers. For example, Roosevelt claimed that global imperialism was the best policy, whereas Wilson sent American troops for inevitable death to make the world ‘safer for democracy’. In conclusion it is necessary to admit that the sites used for writing the paper are very effective at enhancing my understanding of Progressive Movement as they offer detailed overview of beliefs, motivations, foreign and domestic policies, trust and anti-trust views, etc. Moreover, they offer different perspectives on the matter of interest. References Ideas and Movements: The Progressive Movement of 19th Century. (2002). Retrieved February 27, 2008, from http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1061.html Progressive Era. (2004). Retrieved February 27, 2008, from http://www.eagleton.rutgers.edu/e-gov/e-politicalarchive-Progressive.htm