Blaise Pascal :: essays research papers

Blaise PascalBlaise Pascal was born in Clermont France on June 19, 1623, and died in Paris onAug. 19, 1662. His father, a local judge at Clermont, and also a man with ascientific reputation, moved the family to Paris in 1631, partly to presue hisown scientific studies, partly to carry on the education of his only son, whohad already displayed exceptional ability. Blaise was kept at home in order toensure his not being overworked, and it was direct that his education shouldbe at first confined to the study of langu shape ups, and should not include anymathematics. Young Pascal was very curious, one day at the jump on of twelve whilestudying with his tutor, he asked about the study of geometry. afterwards this hebegan to give up his play time to persue the study of geometry. After only a fewweeks he had mastered many properties of figures, in particular the propositionthat the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to two decent angles. Hisfather noticed his sons ability in math ematics and gave him a copy of EuclidssElements, a book which Pascal read and soon mastered. At the young age offourteen he was admitted to the weekly meetings of Roberval, Mersenne, Mydorge,and other French geometricians. At the age of sixteen he wrote an essay on conicsections and in 1641 at the age of 18 he construced the first arithmeticalmachine, an instrument with metal dials on the front on which the numbers wereentered. Once the entries had been completed the answer would be displayed insm whole windows on the top of the device. This device was improved eight yearslater. His correspondence with Fermat about this time shows that he was thenthurning his attention to analytical geometry and physics. At this time herepeated Torricellis experiments, by which the pressure of the atmosphere couldbe estimated as a weight, and he confirmed his theory of the cause ofbarometrical variations by obtaining at the same instant readings at differentaltitudes on the hill of Puy-de-Dme. A str ange thing about Pascal was that in1650 he stoped all he reasearched and his favorite studies to being the study ofreligion, or as he sais in his Pensees, "contemplate the greatness and themisery of man." Also about this time he encouraged the younger of his twosisters to enther the Port Royal society. In 1653 after the death of his fatherhe returned to his old studies again, and made several experiments on the

Free Essays - Characterization in A Farewell to Arms :: Farewell Arms Essays

Characterization in a Passage from A Farewell to weapons Anger was washed away in the river along with any obligation. Although that ceased when the carabiniere put his hands on my collar. I would like to have had the uniform off although I did not care much about the outward forms. I had taken off the stars, but that was for convenience. It was no point of honor. I was not a watchst them. I was through. I wished them all the luck. There were the good ones, and the brave ones, and the calm ones and the sensible ones, and they deserved it. But it was not my show anymore and I wished this bloody train would sterilize to Mestre and I would eat and stop thinking. I would have to stop. (Hemingway 232) This previous is an excellent example of how one passage in the book can relate numerous of the feelings demonstrated throughout the entire novel. The events and feelings of this passage determine the outcome. A few examples of symbolism are clearly presented and those sy mbols can also help the reader gain a better understanding of the characters situation. The passage also illustrates how the character has evolved and developed since the beginning of the story. The passage is also a big event because it is the first major pivotal point that occurs throughout the novel. By closely analyzing this passage we can form many predictions that Hemingway was foreshadowing, and relating to the end, with use of symbols and development of character. The two symbols best noticeable in the passage are the river and the stars on Frederics uniform. The river as in many stories represents a change or baptismal. In this case, the river was representing the removal of Frederic from the war front. On one locating of the river hes still an ambulance driver for the Italian army during World War I on the other side, however, he is a civilian in the middle of a war that is now foreign to him. The stars also serve as a symbol but represent the same thing th e river does. When he removes them he is just now calling it quits and removing himself from the war.

Essay --

The purpose of the present study Stanley 46 (1999) was to profile combative junior female lawn tennis players and determine if differences in fitness exist between state (n = 13, age=16.23 yrs) and district (n = 10, age = 17.10 yrs) standard female tennis players. The fitness components measured included maximal aerobic capacity (graded treadmill test to volitional exhaustion with direct oxygen analysis), strength (grip strength), index finger (vertical jump), travel (20 yard dash), muscular endurance (60second sit-up), agility (spider test), flexibility (sit and reach) and body composition (restricted anthropometric profile). A questionnaire was also administered to determine fitness homework habits and attitudes to fitness. A serial of unpaired t-tests found no significant differences between the groups on any of the body composition or fitness variables. The only significant difference occurred with the subjects contend age where the state group had been playing tennis for a significantly longer time (8.46 yrs) than the district group (6.55 yrs). The results of the present study showed that the fitness level of the girls was sub-standard. This may partly explain the current lull in the performance of Australias female tennis players. Questionnaire results showed that most girls were spending considerable time doing fitness training each week however, the questionnaire also showed that most of the girls did not have a fitness program to follow and would like a program written for them. To trace at the highest level the tennis player must be proficient in all three areas of skill, psychology and fitness.Graetzer., & Shultz. 47 (1995) assessed aerobic and anaerobic power and capacity, muscular strength, flexibility, balance, and blood ... ...yers (4,063 m and 4,050 m vs. 3,866 m), respectively. However, in light of the distance-covered values (i.e., 2066-5251 m) found by Manchado. et al. (2008), the study was not very clear on the bag of the practical significance of these differences is unclear. The wing players are also active in more high intensity work, than the back-court players (1.35%) and pivots (2.32%). On offense, wing players received less tackles (7.5 per match) than back-court players (15.9) and pivots (25.4). On defence, wing players performed fewer tackles (11.8 per match) than back-court players (24.6) and pivots (27.4). Wing players also engaged in more quick runs (4.4 per game) compared to back-court players (1.35) and pivots (2.47). In, summary, wing players did more high intensity work, covered greater distances and engaged in fewer tackles than both back court players and pivots.

The Young Years of Queen Victoria Essay -- Queen Victoria Childhood Es

The Young Years of cigarette VictoriaVictoria was born on a spring day, May 24th, 1819, at Kensington Palace, in the then quiet suburb of London. Plumb as a partridge was her fathers description of the baby, and she certainly caliber a marked resemblance to her sturdy and robust Hanoverian ancestors who had ruled Great Britain for little more than a century at the time of her birth. By 1798 Victorias grandfather, King George III, had reigned for nearly sixty years, but he was now old and feeble. The symptoms of his terrible illness, porphyria, seemed to his doctors to be those of madness, and for years the King had be confined in Windsor stronghold while his eldest son, George, Prince of Wales, ruled in his stead. Victorias father, Edward, Duke of Kent, was the old Kings fourth son, but since his three elder brothers were without heirs, there seemed a good chance that he cleverness one day himself become King. He had married late in life, when he was over 50, to supply an heir to the throne in the younger generation. between the seven princes and five princesses of the royal family, not one of them had a legitimate child to carry on the succession, until 1819 saw three royal births within deuce months. The Prince of Wales had one child, the Princess Charlotte, who in time would have become promote, but she died in childbirth in the autumn of 1817. It was her death, which drove her uncles into marriage, to father heirs to replace her in the drag of succession. Indirectly, Charlotte herself had found her uncle Edward his bride the Princess had married a minor German prince, Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and, deeply in recognise with him, suggested to the Duke of Kent that he would find a wife in Leopolds widowed sister, Victoire. In fact, Edward and Victoire met in 1816, but then there seemed no urgency in the matter of their marriage. But soon after Charlottes death, Edward proposed to Victoire, and the couple was married the following summer. Victoire of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld was 31 years old when she married the English Duke, a pretty woman with dark hair, with a fine figure and lively ways. She had been married once in advance to Emich Charles who died in 1814, leaving his widow with two small children and the many demands of nobility which forced to test her wits and strength. Her marriage with the Duke of Kent seemed to promise Victoire a brighter future,... ...he Duchess of Kent regained her daughters affection.I love peace and quiet, I hate politics and turmoil. We women are not made for governing, and if we are good women, we must dislike these masculine occupations. There are time which force one to take interest in them, and I do, of course intensely. (Victorian Station, P.2. 2000)Bibliography1. Arnstein, Walter L. Victoria (queen). Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation, 1993-1998.2. Erickson, Carolly. Her Little Majesty The Life of Queen Victoria. New York, NY Simon & Schuster, 19973. Farley, M. Foster. Queen Victorias Childhood. Online. Internet Explorer. Accessed 1 March 2000. Available http//www.thehistorynet.com/BritishHeritage/articles/1998/11982_text.htm4. Miller, Ilana. The Life & Issue of Queen Victoria. Online. Internet Explorer. Accessed 1 March 2000. Available http//www.likesbooks.com/victoria.html5. Victorian Station. Excerpts from Queen Victorias journals and personal correspondence. Online. Internet Explorer. Accessed 1 March 2000. Available http//victorianstation.com/queenquotes.htm

Wolseys Responsibility For His Own Downfall Essay -- Papers Thomas Wo

Wolseys Responsibility For His Own Downfall Thomas Wolsey can be easily viewed as being responsible for his own downfall. trick Guy believes that Wolsey was brilliant but flawed. His rise was based on luck, charm, intelligence and opportunism. Wolsey had such high ambitions and gave enthalpy the idea he was capable of getting him anything, so when Wolsey failed to get Henry a divorce, it was seen as the final nail on the coffin to his downfall. His policies are also a cause to his downfall Wolseys alien policy was a success but also caused problems. On Wolseys rise he created enemies, which lead to the lack of support and opposition in his years as Chancellor. But it can also be viewed, on the other hand, that Wolsey wasnt entirely responsible for his downfall. His downfall can be laid upon Henry VIII his court known as the lions court. David Starkey believes the Boleyn Faction was a cause to Henrys downfall Anne disliked Wolsey and wanted him remov ed. Wolsey having bad force from the start, nobility were jealous of his power and wealth. One can see that Wolsey was a successful and just administrator who succeed in his aims making England a leash power. His rise was imputable to luck, charm and his intelligence, but his fall was due to some of his fatal characteristics and bad luck. But we can clearly see Wolsey alone wasnt entirely responsible for his downfall there were many other factors, which Wolsey couldnt have helped that increased his downfall. Wolsey had some responsibility to his own downfall. His rise to power was due to luck, charm, intelligence and opportunism. The reasons for Wolseys fall can be spl... ...land which England was too narrow a field for his vast ambition. He aspired to be the arbiter of Europe. He threw Englands play on the side of the Holy Roman emperor, Charles V, in the latters rivalry with Francis I of France. He expected thereby to enlist the emperors aid for his own aspirations to become pope. Wolsey maintained the kings favour until he failed to secure an annulment of Henrys first marriage. From1527-1529, as Anne Boleyns influence rose, Wolsey waned. She disliked the cardinal because of his interference in her earlier engagement to Henry Percy. And both she and King were increasingly impatient with the popes endless prevarication. lacerate between his secular and spiritual masters, Wolsey chose Henrys side-but it was too late. He was indicated for praemunire and later confessed guilt.

Wolseys Responsibility For His Own Downfall Essay -- Papers Thomas Wo

Wolseys Responsibility For His Own Downfall Thomas Wolsey can be easily viewed as being responsible for(p) for his own fall. John Guy believes that Wolsey was brilliant but flawed. His insurrection was based on luck, charm, intelligence and opportunism. Wolsey had such high ambitions and gave Henry the idea he was subject of getting him anything, so when Wolsey failed to get Henry a divorce, it was serven as the final nail on the coffin to his downfall. His policies are also a cause to his downfall Wolseys foreign policy was a success but also caused problems. On Wolseys rise he created enemies, which lead to the lack of support and resistance in his years as Chancellor. But it can also be viewed, on the other hand, that Wolsey wasnt entirely responsible for his downfall. His downfall can be laid upon Henry VIII his court known as the lions court. David Starkey believes the Boleyn Faction was a cause to Henrys downfall Anne disliked Wolsey and cu te him removed. Wolsey having bad press from the start, nobility were jealous of his power and wealth. One can see that Wolsey was a successful and just administrator who succeed in his aims fashioning England a leading power. His rise was due to luck, charm and his intelligence, but his fall was due to some of his fatal characteristics and bad luck. But we can clearly see Wolsey alone wasnt entirely responsible for his downfall there were many other factors, which Wolsey couldnt have helped that increased his downfall. Wolsey had some responsibility to his own downfall. His rise to power was due to luck, charm, intelligence and opportunism. The reasons for Wolseys fall can be spl... ...land which England was too narrow a field for his vast ambition. He aspired to be the umpire of Europe. He threw Englands influence on the side of the Holy Roman emperor, Charles V, in the latters rivalry with Francis I of France. He expected thereby to enlist the emp erors aid for his own aspirations to become pope. Wolsey maintained the kings favour until he failed to secure an annulment of Henrys first marriage. From1527-1529, as Anne Boleyns influence rose, Wolsey waned. She disliked the cardinal because of his interference in her earlier engagement to Henry Percy. And both she and King were increasingly impatient with the popes endless prevarication. Torn between his secular and spiritual masters, Wolsey chose Henrys side-but it was too late. He was indicated for praemunire and later confessed guilt.

International Relations-Somalia

Somalia 1993 Cause and Effect, U. S. Involvement, & Scale of the Conflict The Somali conflict was created by a succession of events. gumption in 1991, President of Somalia, Mohammed Siad Barre, was overthrown by a coalition of opposing clans called the United Somali Congress. Four main groups turned the country into a competitivenessfield move to gain control over the country. In the meantime a 5th group seceded from the northwest portion of Somalia calling it the Somaliland Republic, with its leader Abdel-Rahman Ahmed Ali as president.All the fighting in Somalia destroyed most of their crops creating mass starvation. The international community began to send food supplies to halt the starvation, but vast amounts of food were hijacked and brought to local clan leaders, who routinely exchange it with other countries for weapons. This just led to more starvation and the international communities efforts seemed ineffective. In March of 1993 the UNs mission shifted and tried to help U NOSOM II gain power. UNOSOM II tried to reconcile the country and build a democratic pronounce creating a secure environment.This organization was met with heavy opposition led by Mohammed Farrah Aidid and his faction. some(prenominal) bombing occurred and soon war was inevitable. On October 3, 1993 the US led an operation intending to capture Aidids foreign minister Omar Salad Elmi and his top political advisor, Mohamed Hassan Awale. This battle is commonly know as Black Hawk Down where two Black Hawk helicopters were shot down and many US lives were lost. That day was a true battle 1500 somalian militia men were estimated to have been killed.On October 6, 1993 President Bill Clinton directed the Acting Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral David E. Jeremiah, to stop all actions by U. S. forces against Aidid neglect those required in self-defense. The White House stated that all U. S. troops would be completely out of Somalia by March 31, 1994. Impact of the Soviet yok e Collapse During the Cold War, Somalia was used as a pawn by world superpowers, since whoever had control of Somalia had access to oil due to its location in horse opera Africa.After the Soviet Union collapsed, the U. S. had no interest in Somalia, resulting in U. S. support and foreign aid leaving the country. Somalia was left in a vulnerable state and was unable to create a stable political system. Somalia eventually collapsed due to a lack of infrastructure. Works Sited Battle of Mogadishu (1993). Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 16 Sept. 2012. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993).

Continuous improvement Essay

What is continuous returns means in the context of organic lawal success Continuous improvement is a quality philosophy that assumes further improvements are always possible and that processes should be continuously re-evaluated and improvements downed. It is overly the seeking of small improvements in processes and products, with the objective of change magnitude quality and reducing waste. It is believed that an organization must constantly measure the effectiveness of its processes and strive to meet more difficult objectives to satisfy customers. Continuous improvement is an on-going effort to improve products, services or processes. These efforts can seek incremental improvement over time or breakthrough improvement all at onceHow it is possible to lead continuous improvement systems and processes-Encouraging and supporting team members to participate in decision-making processesQuality direction is a process in concern that requires liaison from everyone, from senior m anagement to those on the shop floor. Quality management can only be effective if everyone participates and contributes ideas for the overall improvement of a business. Without alert participation by everyone, you are non getting everything you could get from the process.You need to involve everyone you need to ensure that you listen to everyones ideas. After all, often it is not just management who know how to make improvements. Those on the shop floor deal with problems on a daily basis, and this puts them in the best position to come upon ways of making improvements. In this section we will look at ways of working with your team to ensure that you are getting the active participation of all team members. thither are a range of tools that can be used to ensure that your team is encouraged to participate in the continuous improvement process.oBrainstomingoCheck sheetsoMind mappingoCause and Effect diagramoNorminal Group techniqueoConsensusoVoting-Ensuring continuous improvement processes are communicated to stakeholdersIn position to be successful, it is important that quality initiatives and the familiar concept of quality management is promoted throughout an organisation. Quality management requires solid commitment on the part of management and all staff members in order to be regarded as successful, and promotion is an extremely useful means of showing, and developing, this commitment. We will examine promotion of quality through a cyclic approach. In a sense, this approach can be likened to the idea of quality management, as it involves continuous improvement of ideas.The four major means of communicating and promoting quality initiatives within an organisation are oNewslettersoWorkshopsoForum groupsoPresentations-Developing effective mentoring and coaching processesMany industries have very high worker turnover and recruiting staff and more importantly retaining them can be kind of difficult to achieve. Having a coach or mentor in rear can help r elieve much of the stress that new staff chance when they begin a new job. New staff may lack experience or some of the core skills required to undertake a item job and by having a coach or mentor there to provide assistance, you can assist in reducing the stress felt by new staff undertaking a new job.The process of having a coach or mentor assigned to your new staff is not a new idea, but one which can provide significant advances in improving overall quality in the workplace. They also enhance the individual employees performance. There are a number of different methods that can be used whencreating a coaching or mentoring scheme in your workplace. These include-Personal coaching programs employing outdoor(a) or internal coaches -Traditional or peer-to-peer mentoring schemes-Buddy schemes, a form of two-way peer-to-peer mentoringThe method that you decide to utilise when working towards improving quality in your work place will be entirely dependant on what you are trying to f ix and the type of skills that are already present in your workplace. You may also need to consider the organisation and its culture. Some organisations simply do not have the kind of culture that allows for one individual to assist another slow without the staff feeling uncomfortable. It is therefore extremely important to consider the effects of the companys culture on any systems that you may decide to carry out into the workplace. Competition, for example, among employees for reaching sales targets or earning commission may mean that there is a lack of willingness to act as an effective mentor or coach.coaching job and mentoring are generally used to provide on-job training, however it can be a lot wider than this. Coaches in the workplace can become an integral schema in improving quality by developing staff on a continuous rather than one off basis.How an organisational leader would contribute to and implement continuous improvement initiatives It is fundamental to the succ ess of the Management System and to the implementation of revenant improvement throughout the organization that senior managers provide strong lead visible and active support and, demonstrated commitment.To encourage improved individual and organization performance, executive sponsors should empower and make individuals accountable for their work.The role of senior management in continual improvement includes the following responsibilities. -Establishing a vision for continual improvement-Establishing overall goals for continual improvement-Creating the motivation for change-Establishing commitment and concretion of the senior management team -Managing the continual improvement programme-Creating a continual improvement culture-Impact on staff involved in continual improvement-Recognizing staff for continual improvement success-Openness and honestyA specific example approaches used for continual process improvement (CPI) TEPCO JAPAN In TEPCO the following 10 steps outline the pr ocess improvement methodology -Step 1 Determine the boundaries of the process that requires improvement, Organize, Capture as-is SIPOC (Suppliers, inputs, process, outputs, customers). -Step 2Benchmark the process against sedulousness Best Practices. Set goals. -Step 3 Capture the current as-is process.

Existentialism in the Stranger by Albert Camus Essay

As worldhood mature they start to realize that their life has almost al vogues followed a radical routine from childhood till death. This is to go to pre-school, then middle school, then high school, then college, then get a job and get married. A critical tell-tale sign of maturity is when a person starts to take office for their own actions and stops making excuses. Existentialism is a modern philosophical attempt largely based on the theory that human existence is unexplainable, that the universe is indifferent and our free choice has a cause and effect to our consequences and that we our responsible for it.Albert Camus brightly demonstrates these existentialist themes in the short story The Guest and the novel The Stranger. Three key themes that are displayed in both these literature pieces are freedom, responsibility, and indifference of the world. freedom is the basic principle on what democracy & the country of America is based upon. It also happens to be the root basi s on existentialism and how all humans are capable of free choice, regardless of the circumstance. In The Guest the school teacher Daru is ordered to transfer a prisoner to police headquarters.In this military post it is presumed that Daru has no choice but to follow orders and take the prisoner, yet he states every bit of this disgusts me, and first of all your fellow here. But I wont hand him over. Fight, yes, if I have to. But non that. (Camus) Disobeying orders, he firmly puts his foot on the ground and confidently states that he will not in fact de defyr the prisoner. As he starts to walk with the prisoner he directs him, Now look, the schoolmaster said as he pointed in the armorial bearing of the east, theres the way to Tinguit. You have a two hour walk.At Tinguit youll find the administration and the police. They are expecting you. Daru took his elbow and turned him rather somewhat toward the south Thats the trail across the plateau. In a days walk from here youll find pasturelands and the first nomads. Theyll take you in and comfort you according to their law. (Camus) This free choice is what separates us humans from animals and is the basis of our government. In The Stranger Meursalt gets involved in a conflict between Raymond and a man only known as The Arab. Meursalt restrains Raymond from putting to deathing the Arab only to return and avenge his friend by shooting, and killing the Arab.Meursalt did not have any serious power to kill the Arab, but he had the mindset that life was pointless and he was living for no reason so he decided to do his friends plaguey work. Before he kills the Arab It struck me that all I had to do was to turn, walk away, and think no more about it. ( Camus 38) This quote represents the idea of free choice. That he could have just walked away and nothing would have happened but he chose to continue with the murder. These two examples perfectly display how free will largely impacts our lives. star choice gave a man his freedom, while the other took away a mans freedom. With great power, comes great responsibility. Although this quote comes from the famous comic book adaptation movie Spiderman, it is still regarded as a very important quote which is true in all aspects. As we grow up we start from having no power to slowly gaining power as we grow older. A key idea in Existentialism is that we are all responsible for our own actions, which is shown in everyday life. For example if a person commits armed robbery his punishment will be prison, as that is the result of the action he chose to perform.This is perfectly shown in both The Guest and The Stranger. In the guest Daru sets his prisoner free and directs him towards both freedom and capture. The Arab however admits to take responsibility for his actions And in that slight haze Daru with heavy heart made out the Arab walking slowly on the road to prison. (Camus) In The Stranger, Meursalt makes the conscious decision to kill the Arab an d is willing to pay the consequences. He starts shooting the Arab and realizes that each successive shot was another loud, fateful rap on the door of my undoing. (Camus 39) This quote is textual usher that Meursalt did know he was going to suffer from the aftermath and as he fires the shot each shot symbolically represents fate knocking on his door. He ends up paying for this by going to trial resulting in his eventual death which he welcomes. These two plurality from their respective stories both commit murder and take responsibility for their decisions instead of fleeing from reality. The 1 cause in mid-life crisis are the realization that life is a routine and some people then choose to go out and do something wild or try to change their life, yet it all comes back to routine.As mentioned before, everyone in the universe usually follows the selfsame(prenominal) process of school, job, wife, kids etc. Meursalt comes to terms with this and knows that the the benign indifference of the universe (Camus 154) will make everything always return to normal. After his mother dies and he talks to his antique about leaving he realizes that nothing will change, he will come back to work after his leave, and continue with regularly life as if nothing had changed. There might be some small changes but everything would be the same. He talks about death and he knows Id been right, I was still right, I was always right.Id passed my life in a certain way, and I might have passed it in a different way, if Id felt like it. What difference could they make to me, the deaths of others, or a mothers love, or his God or the way a man decides to live, the fate he thinks he chooses, since one and the same fate was bound to choose not only me but thousands of millions of privileged people who, like him, called themselves my brothers, (Camus 151-152) This quote perfectly represents the existential idea of indifference as it Meursalt lives his life in a way that he could he have cha nged if he wanted to but it would have still been the same old song and dance.Death although it temporarily affects people does not linger, and people eventually move on. Although Meursalt had a strained relationship with his mother and seemed to be apathetic he not only concludes that this applies to him, but to everyone in the world. This epiphany is what largely convinces Meursalt to go live his life as he forms a relationship with Marie and starts to gain some experiences. He still seems to be apathetic as when Marie asks him if he loves her he says no and this relapse is the prospect process in which he killed the Arab.These example define the theme of indifference of the universe and how it plays a large factor on how people decide to live their life. Existentialism ideas pop in and out of our lives very often and control the way people think. Albert Camus played upon these themes and put them into text to help us strike and truly comprehend them. Free choice, responsibility , and indifference are all around us, and although some may be more important than others they still help animation our id in balance (Sigmund Freud).Free choice is our conscious mind and what is the most important thing to us, especially as Americans. Free choice is our arousal to society, whether be good. Responsibility helps keep free choice in check, as all actions have a cause and effect. Indifference of the world has a subliminal input in our lives that may not be shown in everyday life but at certain part of life. These three ideas are large parts of our lives and how we choose to live it every single day.

Managing Change in Organisations †Improved HR onboarding process Essay

The main goal of this shift enterprise is to improve the financial results of the corporation by improving the amour and action of the new HR employees at mar, Inc. Its aimed to be compassd by introducing a new, globally aligned, exceed-in-class 1-year-long consequence march with backup tools and schooling horizontalts. The target group of new HR associates1 includes those who joined HR at Mars less than 12 month ago, either from externally (from different company) or internally (from other department).As Mars,Inc. is a large family-owned vocation with over 100 years of history and globally good known brands. It has rum and mature company culture which is driven by its 5 principles Quality, Responsibility, Mutuality, Effectiveness and Freedom. These principles drive the behaviour of the employees at all level of the hierarchy and have been determine the characteristics of the organisation. Mars, Inc. adapteds well to elaboration of structure phase (Granier 1972) of the organisational life-cycle the company is plump by a team of professional managers and is genuinely much alter with a little headquarter. The business units of the countries therefore enjoy a lot of freedom and responsibility to drive the local business effectively.This approach reflects also in the way they body-build the processes in spite of appearance the company the global process standards are mainly just broadly defined with limited (if any) written documentation more or less them, which lets the local teams regularise it and employ it as best fits to their motivations. As it has the advantage to allow tailor-made solutions to best assist local business accusatives, it also has disadvantages.It is not uncommon that trim local resources are needed to shape the process, and when the process has motleyd too much, it becomes difficult to compare the practices and results of different units. It also often happens that local units come up with very similar best pr actices after investing signifi puket resources locally in process outgrowth, which resources could have been reduced if globally or at least regionally nearlyone would have co-ordinated these development initiatives.As part of the company culture, Mars, Inc. refers to employees as associates, therefore in my paper I allow for use both harm to reflect the same concept.Realising the potential of this kind of centralisation led the business leaders to setting up global functional centres of expertise, like the Mars University (Mars U) is for learning and development within Mars, Inc. The Mars U is responsible for designing and deploying world-class learning programs, which enable the competency building of employees, so they tush achieve their affluent potential in contri provideding to the business to achieve its goals.It has matrix structure and its thiner teams are set up by functions (named Colleges of HR, finance, supply, etc.), regions (they coordinate the deployment of functional development programs in a region) and special learning and development related areas (like learning technology). Mars U therefore faces the challenge of balancing between centralisation and decentralization by providing centrally defined and globally aligned learning solutions in a matrix organisation with decentralised leadership.That is the same challenge in cause of the new induction process initiative. In the near past an introductory training program existed for new HR employees, which was similar in all the regions, but inconsistent in content, so it gave a lot of space for local solutions to flower. Moving from this decentralised approach to a more centralised one may cause push backs from the associates in these local units, thus careful stir management is demand.Nature of agitateBy assessing the nature of change based on the description above, this change can be categorised with the terms of Ackerman (1997) as transitional as the intention is to achieve () a desire state by setting up a globally aligned world-class induction process for new HR associates, which is a significant difference from the received decentralised approach. One can argue whether it is not defined as transformational change as it can result a difference in an organisational process and change in the culture, but as it wont change fundamentally neither areas, the definition of transitional change fits fracture in this object lesson.To give a full picture about the nature of change, it need to be emphasised that after finishing this particular change pouch, the change itself depart not stop, it ordain continue as developmental change by continuously improving the set up induction process.From another perspective, using the categories of Mintzberg and Waters (1985) this change initiative can be identified as determined or stick outned change as the goal, that need to be achieved, is clearly set, as well as the process how to get there. It does not mean thoug h, that emergent changes will not come up during the have, as it may happen that a locally knowing induction process which works well will have an improving effect on the globally designed process and tools to date theimplementation of the best possible practices.Drivers of the changeThis change initiative has mainly internal triggers. First and foremost, improve the productivity of every new HR associates by providing them all the essential knowledge, competencies and network they need in their new fictitious character. Improving their engagement level is also an important trigger, as engaged associates have usually let on surgery and they less likely to leave the business (Buckingham and Coffman, 2005). In case of HR department, better performance of associates, among other things, could lead to better internal and external node satisfaction or decrease of costs by effective ways of operative, while improved retention cut the costs and time invested in enlisting and traini ng of a new employee.Although the internal triggers are more relevant in this case, the external drivers also need to be mentioned. Mars, Inc. had several acquisitions in the sound few years which led to an incoherent culture in the different business segments. To enable exchangeability of human resources and best practices, setting up centrally aligned processes is a key. Also, considering that Mars, Inc. operates in a quickly changing market place (FMCG), being innovative and best-in-class in its processes could ensure competitive advantage and retention of employees. Nonetheless, the change needs to be done in a global environment fitting to the expectations of different cultures in different regions.Key StakeholdersAs in case of most major changes in an organisation, winning the support of top level management is essential. In this case the management means the Global HR leaders Team of Mars, Inc. who also plays the role of sponsor of the project and expect to play a key role by being role baffle in using the new induction process. Their influence is very superior as they could stop or change this initiative any time. Their attitude toward the change to be expected very positive, still, contracting with them is critical as many priority projects are currently going on in the business so need to ensure proper focus.Driving the change process requires change agents to ensure smooth implementation the Mars U associates in the regions and other (local) learning or talent development specialists. As the project aligns well with their general purpose of their roles to improve associates capabilities, their attitude is expected to be positive. As they will play the role of connecting the project leaders with associates in their regions or units, their influence is also very eminent, but mainly only in their area of responsibility.The communication and deployment of the change will focus mainly on the HR managers as they will be the most affected by the cha nge, as they need to change their ways of working the most. Thus, 5their attitude can be either positive or negative depending how valuable the new process picturems to them. Their influence can be high in the area of their responsibility so the more senior the manager is the higher is the influence.Also important stakeholders, but less influential, are the new HR associates. The new process is all about them, but from change management perspective they play a smaller role, as their attitude to be expected very positive. In any case, careful communication toward them needs to be planned to ensure their full involvement in the process and gain feedback from them to post potential areas for improvements.There are also some other key stakeholders, like the trainers of the courses, whose contribution to the success can be very important, but as they are interchangeable in the roles, their influence on the process can be categorised as moderate. Furthermore, there are some other thea ter matter experts (e.g. learning technology or global communication specialists), who will be involved during the design and communication phases, but their influence is rather small and their attitude is expected to be supportive. focussing objectivesTo summarise the main objective, the goal is to implement in all business segments and units of Mars, Inc. a newly designed, globally aligned, efficacious and engaging functional induction process with its supporting tools (guides and learning modules) for every new HR employees, which supports their development in the first 12 months after link in their new role and covers the essential Mars specific knowledge and provides network needed for achieving high performance. The new process and tools should be used by mid of 2013 in all business units.Task 2For a successful change project its not only important to devour where we would like to go, but to be able to define how we will get there, we need a careful and detailed analysis on where we are at the moment. Besides a general process overview in the organisation (e.g. by the support of models like McKinsey 7S (Waterman et al. 1980) or Burke-Litwin Causal model (Burke & Litwin, 1992)), we also need to agnize why do we have the problem in our organisation. For this we may use problem analysis models, like the Fishbone diagram or the 5 Whys? (Taiichi 1988) model.Input-Transformation-Output modelTo better understand the functional induction process, by the Input-Transformation-Output model (RDI, 2012a) the main elements can be summarised visuallyThis model can support the planning process in several ways. It is easier for the change leaders to identify the key stakeholders (see the detailed stakeholder analysis above), to keep objectives always in mind and focus on the processes which need to be changed in order to be able to achieve the desired output. Furthermore, it gives a great overview about who shall be involved in reviewing and developing the process by providing feedback before, during and after the change. Nonetheless, it is essential to be clear on both the transformed and transforming resources required for thewhole process to forefend disturbance due to the lack of them.Cause-and-Effect abridgmentAfter having a broader overview of the issue, before taking any actions, a thorough problem analysis is a must. Even though having an initial idea about what can improve the current situation, in a complex organisation with a huge overall impact of the topic, the change leader need to ensure addressing the right issues and providing the right solutions based on that. In defining all the relevant causes of a problem can help the Cause-and-Effect Analysis (Ishikawa, 1968) or Fishbone diagram. In case of our described example, the model looks like thisAfter defining the list of important causes, the major ones to be selected by the analysing team then the potential actions can be planned. When its presented to the management team, the ir duty is then to decide on which topics to focus on the actions.In this example case, a globally aligned process with supporting tools and metrics are very much missing. When its designed and ready to be deployed, then these should be available to all HR managers to be able to drive the induction processes locally and measure their own efficiency.Plan the changeAfter the green light of the management team concerning the project initiative, can start the proper, detailed planning the development of the change strategy, in which the desired outcome, key actions, milestones, action owners and resources needs are defined. Winning the commitment of the key stakeholders also need to be carefully planned with a supporting communication plan. As unexpected situations are likely to disturb the planned flow of actions, to minimise the potential disturbance, a risk analysis in advance of doing actions can help the project management team to prepare for these scenarios or totally avoid them. Also, a continuous review of the change project is highly recommended to ensure the project executionis on track to achieve the project goal (see the 8potential feedback sources in the Input-Output model) this also can be part of the change strategy plan. The next step is then to execute the plan. When unexpected situations happen, continuous adjustments of the plan may be required to ensure proper improvement and keep the progress to achieve the final goal. After all planned actions are executed, the project leader should control that the project goal has been achieved as defined. If no, the project still continues. If yes, the project shall be formally closed with the involvement of the project sponsors and the success should be feed back to the key stakeholders.Task 3Business Process TransformationAlthough Mars, Inc. in this situation chose to go on with a change project concentrating on only one function (HR) to improve its induction process, using the Business Process Transfo rmation (BPT), i.e. Business Process Re-engineering model could have led to better results. By talking generally about the BPT model, one can say that improving the node engagement and cutting the operational costs by improving and simplifying processes (cross-functional) within the company, is in the heart of this approach (Hammer 1990).Let use the definition of re-engineering by Hammer and Champy (1993) to show the key characteristics of this model the fundamental rethinking and shank redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical contemporary modern measures of performance, such as cost, spirit, service, and speed. This approach is one of the favourites currently in change management, as it promises dramatic improvements in business performance and customer satisfaction, even though it has its own challenges.The most important is that it requires a holistic view from the business leaders to face the issues within an organisation. It needs broad pe rspective to be able to come out of functional silos and to view the process as a whole, from the very beginning till the very end. If the change project happens only within a single function, there is high probability of missing some important opportunities of improvement. By using the example of Mars, a cross-functional approach could lead to a different, although very thorough solution like implementing a standardised, world-class induction experience in every part of the company, during which the new employees can learn the most important functional and business knowledge to best support the customer focused processes.Based on its holistic view, the BPT approach requires more complexity from change management perspective as well as total confederation and drive from the top management team. The process improvement strategy should be aligned with the vision, mission and business strategy of the company, while the desired behaviours and key performance indicators should be also clearly defined and communicated to support the process and the measure of success (RDI 2012b). The process improvement initiative should start with a company-wide analysis of the current situation, keeping in mind not only how the processes can be simplified, but also what could be the benefits for the customers by the change initiative.The analysis then will be followed by the definition of the detailed plan to where and how the company would like to get. To achieve great improvement in company results, increasing the amount of invested efforts and resources and high risk taking is unavoidable although most probably in mid- and long-term the investing of these limited resources will pay.All these mentioned characteristics of the model lead to the fact that this model cant be used without a heavy top down and centralised approach due to its holistic nature and complexity. Starting a process improvement initiative from any other level of the organisation without the full support and involvement of the company top leaders can lead to only a temporary and restricted (to a region or function) solution.Managing the implementation of the change at Mars, Inc. Although the change project defined by Mars also intends to improve the measures mentioned in the re-engineering definition, the main difference lies in the adjectives used by the authors dramatic, fundamental and radical. So in this case we cant truly talk about BPT approach, as it would rather mean taking the whole on-boarding and induction process in all functions of the company and use that to work on, even though it could be very beneficial for the company.Also, without winning the top management support for a holistic change approach, the project leader of this initiative better use a general Change management (RDI 2012c), or preferably, the Total Quality Management (TQM) 2 methodology with using some holistic OD models like the Burke-Litwin model (Burke & Litwin 1992) or the McKinsey 7S model (Water man et al. 1980) for analysing the potential areas of change interventions.Definition of TQM by Kanji (1990) TQM is the way of life of an organization committed to customer satisfaction by continuous improvement. This way of life varies from organisation to organisation and from one country to another but has certain principles which can be implemented to secure market share, increase profits and reduce costs.The principles of the TQM approach fits well to the culture of Mars, Inc. by focusing on continuous improvement opportunities, on customer needs and cause employees at all level of the organisation to take part of this and drive innovations. It also reflects in all of the 5 principles of the company3. The management style also resonates well with the principles of TQM, as it engages the collaborative company culture with empowering and motivating the employees to drive continuous improvement for achieving better quality in everything within the business. Although a lot of th ings fit well to use this model for the change case at Mars, to fully benefit of the TQM methodology, the project leader and the participants shall be skilled to use all its principles to achieve the best possible result, which is currently not yet the case.Task 4Measure of Success ProcessesThere are certain elements of the change process, which we can tink and measure during and after the project to evaluate the success. Firstly, it is inevitable to set with involvement and communicate to the key stakeholders a clear vision, a well defined S.M.A.R.T. objective (Doran, 1981) and some key performance indicators regarding the desired end result of the change initiative. Additionally, it is also important element of the second success factor, which is the level of commitment to the change of the key stakeholders.During the implementation phase, the success of the process can be mensurable at the key milestones whether they were achieved on time by providing good quality results withi n the allocated resource limits. In this phase, the ability of flexible to any disturbance and opportunities through the process is also essential, to keep or even improve the result quality of the change, or to use less resources to achieve the original goal. It may be measured by reaction the quickness of the response or the amount of extra resources needed to keep the good progress. In connection to this, reviewing the key challenges and capturing the lessons learnt for the future also shows the efficiency of the process. Last, but not least, a clear project check can also indicate how well the project went.Measure of Success OutcomesIf we have a closer look on the change initiative of Mars, Inc., the desired outcome which we wish to measure lies in the main objective4. The companys main goal is to improve the efficiency andQuality, Mutuality, Responsibility, Effectiveness and Freedom For details see the Management Objective paragraph performance of the new HR employees. As HR is a support department with less direct impact on financial results and the quality of end products than other areas in the business, measuring these goals may be difficult, especially if we need to focus on only the new employee. So its advised to define other measures, like the individual performance or future career potential of the new employee, which can be measured by the company globally standardized performance evaluation system. Although the improved employee performance is difficult to be described with exact figures, we can also use historical data to compare the past and the present, and measure factors which can influence performance (e.g. the Line Managers evaluation of the performance or the engagement level of the new associate).Besides the employee performance, the efficiency of the new process shall be measured as well (e.g. could we involve everybody we intended to use the new process). Furthermore, as in case of all change projects, defining the return on invest ment can show the level of success. For example the cost of resource investment of the change project may be compared with the amount of money were saved by better retention of the new associates. By measuring the outcome of a new process we also need to investigate the resource needs of sustaining the process efficiently on long term.1ReferencesAckerman, L., 1997, Development, transition or transformation the uncertainty of change in organisations. In Van Eynde, D., Hoy, J and Van Eynde, D (eds) Organisation Development Classics. San Francisco, Jossey Bass.Buckingham, M. and Coffman, C., 2005. First, Break All The Rules What the Worlds Great Managers Do Differently. Simon & Schuster.Burke, W. W. and Litwin, G. H., 1992. A causal model of organizational performance and change. Journal of Management, 18 (3), 523-545.Doran, G. T., 1981. Theres a S.M.A.R.T. way to write managements goals and objectives. Management Review, Volume 70, Issue 11, pp. 35-36.

Prelude to Foundation Chapter 7 Mycogen

MYCOGEN- A sector of ancient Trantor buried in the past of its own legends. Mycogen made little impact on the planet. com steernt and self-separated to a degreeEncyclopedia Galactica31.When Seldon woke, he found a new face feeling at him solemnly. For a indorsement he frowned owlishly and and then he express, Hummin?Hummin smiled very slightly. You remember me, then?It was only for a day, n previous(predicate) devil months ago, yet I remember. You were zero(prenominal) arrested, then, or in any look-As you get a line, I am here, quite safe and whole, solely-and he glanced at Dors, who s excessivelyd to one side-it was not very easy for me to get on with here.Seldon said, Im glad to describe you.-Do you mind, by the look? He jerked his thumb in the direction of the bathroom.Hummin said, Take your period. Have breakfast.Hummin didnt join him at breakfast. Neither did Dors. Nor did they speak. Hummin s smokened a book-film with an attitude of easy absorption. Dors inspect ed her nails critic eachy and then, taking prohibited a microcomputer, began making grades with a stylus.Seldon watched them thoughtfully and did not try to start a conversation. The silence now expertness be in response to whatever Trantorian reserve customary at a sickbed. To be sure, he now felt perfectly normal, exclusively perhaps they did not realize that. It was only when he was done with his last morsel and with the final drop of milk (which he was obviously getting used to, for it no longer tasted odd) that Hummin rung.He said, How are you, Seldon? abruptly well, Hummin. Sufficiently well, certainly, for me to be up and ab pop out.Im glad to hear it, said Hummin dryly. Dors Venabili was much to blame in allowing this to happen.Seldon frowned. No. I insisted on going Upperside.Im sure, only when she should, at all costs, lay down gone with you.I told her I didnt penury her to go with me.Dors said, Thats not so, Hari. Dont defend me with gallant lies.Seldon said ang rily, besides dont forget that Dors also came Upperside by and by me, a conglomeratest strong resistance, and undoubtedly justd my life. Thats not bending the truth at all. Have you added that to your evaluation, Hummin?Dors interrupted again, obviously embarrassed. Please, Hari. Chetter Hummin is perfectly correct in feeling that I should either take aim kept you from going Upperside or pitch gone up with you. As for my subsequent actions, he has praised them.Nevertheless, said Hummin, that is past and we shadower let it go. Let us talk most what happened Upperside, Seldon.Seldon looked somewhat and said maintainedly, Is it safe to do so?Hummin smiled slightly. Dors has placed this room in a Distortion Field. I can be pretty sure that no Imperial agent at the University-if on that point is one-has the expense to penetrate it. You are a suspicious person, Seldon.not by nature, said Seldon. Listening to you in the park and afterward- You are a persuasive person, Hummin. By the time you were through, I was ready to fear that Eto Demerzel was lurking in all shadow.I sometimes approximate he capability be, said Hummin gravely.If he was, said Seldon, I wouldnt live on it was he. What does he look like?That scarcely matters. You wouldnt see him unless he wanted you to and by then it would all be over, I imagine-which is what we must prevent. Lets talk about that jet-down you saw.Seldon said, As I told you, Hummin, you filled me with fears of Demerzel. As forrader long as I saw the jet-down, I outweard he was after me, that I had foolishly stepped outside the protection of Streeling University by going Upperside, that I had been lu blushful up there for the specific purpose of being picked up without difficulty.Dors said, On the other hand, Leggen-Seldon said quickly, Was he here last night?Yes, dont you remember?Vaguely. I was lifeless tired. Its all a blur in my memory.Well, when he was here last night, Leggen said that the jet-down was merely a m eteorological vessel from another station. short ordinary. Perfectly harmless.What? Seldon was taken aback. I dont remember that.Hummin said, Now the capitulum is Why dont you believe that? Was there anything about the jet-down that made you speak up it was jeopardyous? Something specific, that is, and not scantily a pervasive suspicion placed in your head by me.Seldon thought back, biting his lower lip. He said, Its actions. It seemed to push its forepart below the cloud deck, as though it were looking for something, then it would appear in another spot just the same way, then in another spot, and so on. It seemed to be prying Upperside methodically, section by section, and homing in on me.Hummin said, Perhaps you were personifying, Seldon. You may have been treating the jet-down as though it was a strange animal looking for you. It wasnt, of course. It was hardly a jet-down and if it was a meteorological vessel, its actions were perfectly normal and harmless.Seldon said, I t didnt seem that way to me.Hummin said, Im sure it didnt, but we dont actually do anything. Your conviction that you were in danger is barely an assumption. Leggens decision that it was a meteorological vessel is also only an assumption.Seldon said stubbornly, I cant believe that it was an entirely innocent event.Well then, said Hummin, suppose we assume the worst-that the vessel was looking for you. How would whoever sent that vessel see you would be there to seek?Dors interjected, I asked Dr. Leggen if he had, in his re appearance of the forthcoming meteorological work, include the information that Hari would be with the group. There was no reason he should in the ordinary course of events and he denied that he had, with considerable surprise at the question. I believed him.Hummin said thoughtfully, Dont believe him too readily. Wouldnt he deny it, in any case? Now ask yourself wherefore he allowed Seldon to come along in the first place. We know he objected initially, but he did relent, without much fight. And that, to me, seems rather out of character for Leggen.Dors frowned and said, I suppose that does introduce it a bit more(prenominal) likely that he did arrange the entire affair. Perhaps he permitted Haris company only in order to put him in the position of being taken. He skill have received orders to that effect. We efficacy further argue that he encouraged his preteen intern, Clowzia, to engage Haris attention and draw him away from the group, isolating him. That would grudge for Leggens odd lack of concern over Haris absence when it came time to go below. He would insist that Hari had left earlier, something he would have laid the groundwork for, since he had carefully showed him how to go down by himself. It would also account for his reluctance to go back up in search of him, since he would not want to waste time looking for soul he assumed would not be found.Hummin, who had listened carefully, said, You make an interesting case ag ainst him, but lets not accept that too readily either. After all, he did come Upperside with you in the end.Because footsteps had been detected. The Chief Seismologist had been witness to that.Well, did Leggen show shock and surprise when Seldon was found? I mean, beyond that of finding someone who had been brought into ingrained peril through Leggens own negligence. Did he act as though Seldon wasnt supposed to be there? Did he behave as though he were asking himself How is it they didnt pick him up?Dors thought carefully, then said, He was obviously shocked by the mount of Hari lying there, but I couldnt perhaps tell if there was anything to his feelings beyond the very natural horror of the state of affairs.No, I suppose you couldnt.But now Seldon, who had been looking from one to the other as they spoke and who had been listening intently, said, I dont think it was Leggen.Hummin transferred his attention to Seldon. Why do you tell apart that?For one thing, as you noted, he was clearly un go outing to have me come along. It took a whole day of argument and I think he agreed only because he had the impression that I was a clever mathematician who could help him out with meteorological theory. I was anxious to go up there and, if he had been under orders to see to it that I was taken Upperside, there would have been no need to be so reluctant about it.Is it reasonable to suppose he wanted you only for your mathematics? Did he discuss the mathematics with you? Did he make an attempt to explain his theory to you?No, said Seldon, he didnt. He did say something about going into it later on, though. The trouble was, he was totally involved with his instruments. I gathered he had expected sunshine that hadnt showed up and he was counting on his instruments having been at fault, but they were apparently working perfectly, which frustrated him. I think this was an unexpected development that both soured his temper and spined his attention away from me. As for Clowzia, the young woman who preoccupied me for a few minutes, I do not get the feeling, as I look back on it, that she deliberately led me away from the scene. The initiative was mine. I was curious about the vegetation on Upperside and it was I who drew her away, rather than vice versa. Far from Leggen encouraging her action, he called her back while I was still in sight and I moved farther away and out of sight entirely on my own.And yet, said Hummin, who seemed intent on objecting to every suggestion that was made, if that ship was looking for you, those on board must have known youd be there. How would they know-if not from Leggett?The man I suspicious, said Seldon, is a young psychologist named Lisung RandaRanda? said Dors. I cant believe that. I know him. He simply would not be working for the Emperor. Hes anti-Imperialist to the core.He might pretend to be, said Seldon. In fact, he would have to be openly, violently, and extremely anti-Imperialist if he was trying to mask the fact that he is an Imperial agent.But thats exactly what hes not like, said Dors. He is not violent and extreme in anything. Hes quiet and good-natured and his views are ever so expressed mildly, nigh timidly. Im convinced theyre genuine.And yet, Dors, said Seldon earnestly, it was he who first told me of the meteorological project, it was he who urged me to go Upperside, and it was he who persuaded Leggen to allow me to join him, rather exaggerating my mathematical prowess in the process. One must wonder why he was so anxious to get me up there, why he should labor so hard.For your good, perhaps. He was interested in you, Hari, and must have thought that meteorology might have been useful in psychohistory. Isnt that possible?Hummin said quietly, Lets consider another point. There was a considerable lapse of time between the moment when Randa told you about the meteorology project and the moment you actually went Upperside. If Randa is innocent of anything underhanded, he woul d have no particular reason to keep quiet about it. If he is a friendly and gregarious person-He is, said Dors.-then he might very likely tell a spot of friends about it. In that case, we couldnt really tell who the informer might be. In fact, just to make another point, suppose Randa is anti-Imperialist. That would not necessarily mean he is not an agent. We would have to ask Whom is he an agent for? On whose behalf does he work?Seldon was astonished. Who else is there to work for but the empire? Who else but Demerzel?Hummin raised his hand. You are far from understanding the whole complexity of Trantorian politics, Seldon. He turned toward Dors. reveal me again Which were the four sectors that Dr. Leggen named as likely sources for a meteorological vessel?Hestelonia, Wye, Ziggoreth, and North Damiano.And you did not ask the question in any leading way? You didnt ask if a particular sector might be the source?No, definitely not. I simply asked if he could speculate as to the sour ce of the jet-down.And you-Hummin turned to Seldon may perhaps have seen some marking, some insigne, on the jet-down?Seldon wanted to retort heatedly that the vessel could hardly be seen through the clouds, that it emerged only briefly, that he himself was not looking for markings, but only for escape-but he held back. Surely, Hummin knew all that. Instead, he said simply, Im afraid not.Dors said, If the jet-down was on a kidnapping mission, might not the insigne have been masked?That is the rational assumption, said Hummin, and it tray well have been, but in this Galaxy rationality does not always triumph. However, since Seldon seems to have taken no note of any details concerning the vessel, we can only speculate. What Im thinking is Wye.Why? echoed Seldon. I presume they wanted to take me because whoever was on the ship wanted me for my acquaintance of psychohistory.No, no. Hummin lifted his right forefinger as if lecturing a young student. W-y-e. It is the name of a sector on T rantor. A very special sector. It has been control by a line of mayors for some three thousand years. It has been a continuous line, a single dynasty. There was a time, some five-hundred years ago, when two Emperors and an Empress of the House of Wye sat on the Imperial throne. It was a comparatively short period and none of the Wye rulers were particularly distinguished or successful, but the Mayors of Wye have neer forgotten this Imperial past.They have not been actively disloyal to the ruling houses that have succeeded them, but neither have they been known to volunteer much on behalf of those houses. During the occasional periods of civil war, they maintained a kind of neutrality, making moves that seemed best calculated to prolong the civil war and make it seem necessary to turn to Wye as a compromise solution. That never worked out, but they never stopped trying either.The present Mayor of Wye is particularly capable. He is old now, but his dreaming hasnt cooled. If anythi ng happens to Cleon-even a natural death-the Mayor bequeath have a chance at the succession over Cleons own too-young son. The Galactic public will always be a little more partial toward a claimant with an Imperial past.Therefore, if the Mayor of Wye has heard of you, you might serve as a useful scientific prophet on behalf of his house. There would be a traditional motive for Wye to try to arrange some convenient end for Cleon, use you to predict the necessary succession of Wye and the coming of peace and prosperity for a thousand years after. Of course, once the Mayor of Wye is on the throne and has no further use for you, you might well follow Cleon to the grave.Seldon broke the grim silence that followed by saying, But we dont know that it is this Mayor of Wye who is after me.No, we dont. Or that anyone at all is after you, at the moment. The jet-down might, after all, have been an ordinary meteorological testing vessel as Leggen has suggested. Still, as the news concerning psy chohistory and its potential spreads-and it surely must-more and more of the powerful and semi-powerful on Trantor or, for that matter, elsewhere will want to make use of your services.What, then, said Dors, shall we do?That is the question, indeed. Hummin ruminated for a while, then said, Perhaps it was a mistake to come here. For a professor, it is all too likely that the hiding place chosen would be a University. Streeling is one of some, but it is among the largest and most free, so it wouldnt be long before tendrils from here and there would begin feeling their soft, blind way toward this place. I think that as soon as possible-today, perhaps-Seldon should be moved to another and better hiding place. But-But? said Seldon.But I dont know where.Seldon said, Call up a gazeteer on the computer screen and choose a place at random.certainly not, said Hummin. If we do that, we are as likely to find a place that is less secure than average, as one that is more secure. No, this must be reasoned out.-Somehow.32.The three remained huddled in Seldons quarters till past lunch. During that time, Hari and Dors spoke occasionally and quietly on indifferent subjects, but Hummin maintained an almost complete silence. He sat upright, ate little, and his grave countenance (which, Seldon thought, made him look older than his years) remained quiet and withdrawn.Seldon imagined him to be reviewing the immense geography of Trantor in his mind, probing for a corner that would be ideal. Surely, it couldnt be easy. Seldons own Helicon was somewhat larger by a percent or two than Trantor was and had a keener ocean. The Heliconian land surface was perhaps 10 percent larger than the Trantorian. But Helicon was sparsely populated, its surface only sprinkled with scattered cities Trantor was all city. Where Helicon was dissever into twenty administrative sectors Trantor had over eight hundred and every one of those hundreds was itself a complex of subdivisions.Finally Seldon said i n some despair, Perhaps it might be best, Hummin, to choose which candidate for my supposed abilities is most nearly benign, hand me over to that one, and count on him to defend me against the rest.Hummin looked up and said in terminal seriousness, That is not necessary. I know the candidate who is most nearly benign and he already has you.Seldon smiled. Do you place yourself on the same level with the Mayor of Wye and the Emperor of all the Galaxy?In point of view of position, no. But as far as the desire to control you is concerned, I agree them. They, however, and anyone else I can think of want you in order to strengthen their own wealth and power, while I have no ambitions at all, draw out for the good of the Galaxy.I suspect, said Seldon dryly, that each of your competitors-if asked-would insist that he too was thinking only of the good of the Galaxy.I am sure they would, said Hummin, but so far, the only one of my competitors, as you call them, whom you have met is the Emp eror and he was interested in having you advance fictionalized predictions that might stabilize his dynasty. I do not ask you for anything like that. I ask only that you perfect your psychohistorical technique so that mathematically valid predictions, even if only statistical in nature, can be made.True. So far, at least, said Seldon with a half-smile.Therefore, I might as well ask How are you coming along with that proletariat? Any progress?Seldon was uncertain whether to laugh or cage. After a pause, he did neither, but managed to speak calmly. Progress? In less than two months? Hummin, this is something that might easily take me my whole life and the lives of the next dozen who follow me.-And even then end in failure.Im not talking about anything as final as a solution or even as hopeful as the beginning of a solution. Youve said flatly a number of times that a useful psychohistory is possible but im working. All I am asking is whether there now seems any hope that it can be mad e practical.Frankly, no.Dors said, Please excuse me. I am not a mathematician, so I hope this is not a foolish question. How can you know something is both possible and impractical? Ive heard you say that, in theory, you might personally meet and greet all the people in the Empire, but that it is not a practical feat because you couldnt live long enough to do it. But how can you tell that psychohistory is something of this sort?Seldon looked at Dors with some incredulity. Do you want that explained.Yes, she said, nodding her head vigorously so that her curled hair vibrated.As a matter of fact, said Hummin, so would I.Without mathematics? said Seldon with just a trace of a smile.Please, said Hummin.Well- He retired into himself to choose a method of presentation. then he said, -If you want to understand some aspect of the Universe, it helps if you simplify it as much as possible and include only those properties and characteristics that are essential to understanding. If you want to determine how an object drops, you dont concern yourself with whether it is new or old, is red or green, or has an odor or not. You eliminate those things and thus do not needlessly complicate matters. The simplification you can call a ideal or a simulation and you can present it either as an actual representation on a computer screen or as a mathematical relationship. If you consider the primitive theory of nonrelativistic gravitation-Dors said at once, You promised there would be no mathematics. Dont try to slip it in by commerce it primitive. No, no. I mean primitive only in that it has been known as long as our records go back, that its uncovering is shrouded in the mists of antiquity as is that of end or the wheel. In any case, the equations for such(prenominal) gravitational theory contain within themselves a description of the motions of a planetary system, of a double star, of tides, and of many other things. Making use of such equations, we can even set up a pictorial simulation and have a planet cir sting a star or two stars circling each other on a two-dimensional screen or set up more complicated systems in a three-dimensional holograph. Such simplified simulations make it far easier to grasp a phenomenon than it would be if we had to study the phenomenon itself. In fact, without the gravitational equations, our knowledge of planetary motions and of supernal mechanics generally would be sparse indeed. Now, as you wish to know more and more about any phenomenon or as a phenomenon becomes more complex, you need more and more elaborate equations, more and more detailed programming, and you end with a computerized simulation that is harder and harder to grasp.Cant you form a simulation of the simulation? asked Hummin. You would go down another degree.In that case, you would have to eliminate some characteristic of the phenomenon which you want to include and your simulation becomes useless. The LPS-that is, the least possible simulation gains in c omplexity fast-paced than the object being striked does and eventually the simulation catches up with the phenomenon. Thus, it was established thousands of years ago that the Universe as a whole, in its full complexity, cannot be represented by any simulation humbleer than itself.In other words, you cant get any picture of the Universe as a whole eject by studying the entire Universe. It has been shown also that if one attempts to substitute simulations of a short part of the Universe, then another small part, then another small part, and so on, intending to put them all together to form a total picture of the Universe, one would find that there are an limitless number of such part simulations. It would therefore take an infinite time to understand the Universe in full and that is just another way of saying that it is impossible to gain all the knowledge there is.I understand you so far, said Dors, punishinging a little surprised.Well then, we know that some comparatively sim ple(a) things are easy to simulate and as things grow more and more complex they become harder to simulate until finally they become impossible to simulate. But at what level of complexity does simulation cease to be possible? Well, what I have shown, making use of a mathematical technique first invented in this past century and barely usable even if one employs a large and very fast computer, our Galactic society falls short of that mark. It can be represented by a simulation simpler than itself. And I went on to show that this would result in the ability to predict future events in a statistical fashion-that is, by stating the probability for alternate sets of events, rather than flatly predicting that one set will take place.In that case, said Hummin, since you can profitably simulate Galactic society, its only a matter of doing so. Why is it impractical?All I have proved is that it will not take an infinite time to understand Galactic society, but if it takes a billion years it will still be impractical. That will be essentially the same as infinite time to us.Is that how long it would take? A billion years?I havent been able to work out how long it would take, but I strongly suspect that it will take at least a billion years, which is why I suggested that number.But you dont really know.Ive been trying to work it out.Without success?Without success.The University library does not help? Hummin cast a look at Dors as he asked the question.Seldon shook his head slowly. Not at all.Dors cant help?Dors sighed. I know aught about the subject, Chetter. I can only suggest ways of looking. If Hari looks and doesnt find, I am helpless.Hummin rose to his feet. In that case, there is no great use in staying here at the University and I must think of somewhere else to place you.Seldon reached out and touched his sleeve. Still, I have an idea.Hummin stared at him with a faint constricting of eyes that might have belied surprise-or suspicion. When did you get the idea? Just now?No. Its been buzzing in my head for a few days before I went Upperside. That little experience eclipsed it for a while, but asking about the library reminded me of it.Hummin seated himself again. Tell me your idea-if its not something thats totally marinated in mathematics.No mathematics at all. Its just that reading history in the library reminded me that Galactic society was less complicated in the past. Twelve thousand years ago, when the Empire was on the way to being established, the Galaxy contained only about ten million inhabited human beings. Twenty thousand years ago, the pre-Imperial kingdoms included only about ten thousand worlds altogether. Still deeper in the past, who knows how society shrinks down? Perhaps even to a single world as in the legends you yourself once mentioned, Hummin.Hummin said, And you think you might be able to work out psychohistory if you dealt with a much simpler Galactic society?Yes, it seems to me that I might be able to do so.Then t oo, said Dors with sudden enthusiasm, suppose you work out psychohistory for a smaller society of the past and suppose you can make predictions from a study of the pre-Imperial situation as to what might happen a thousand years after the formation of the Empire-you could then check the actual situation at that time and see how near the mark you were.Hummin said coldly, Considering that you would know in advance the situation of the year 1,000 of the Galactic Era, it would scarcely be a fair test. You would be unconsciously swayed by your prior knowledge and you would be bound to choose values for your equation in such a way as to give you what you would know to be the solution.I dont think so, said Dors. We dont know the situation in 1,000 G.E. very well and we would have to dig. After all, that was eleven millennia ago.Seldons face turned into a picture of dismay. What do you mean we dont know the situation in 1,000 G.E. very well? There were computers then, werent there, Dors?Of c ourse.And memory storage units and recordings of ear and eye? We should have all the records of 1,000 G.E. as we have of the present year of 12,020 G.E.In theory, yes, but in actual practice- Well, you know, Hari, its what you keep saying. Its possible to have full records of 1,000 G.E., but its not practical to expect to have it.Yes, but what I keep saying, Dors, refers to mathematical demonstrations. I dont see the applications to historical records.Dors said defensively, Records dont last forever, Hari. Memory banks can be sunk or defaced as a result of conflict or can simply deteriorate with time. Any memory bit, any record that is not referred to for a long time, eventually drowns in accumulated noise. They say that fully one third of the records in the Imperial Library are simply gibberish, but, of course, custom will not allow those records to be removed. Other libraries are less tradition-bound. In the Streeling University library, we discard worthless items every ten years .Naturally, records frequently referred to and frequently duplicated on various(a) worlds and in various libraries-governmental and private-remain clear enough for thousands of years, so that many of the essential points of Galactic history remain known even if they took place in pre-Imperial times. However, the farther back you go, the less there is preserved.I cant believe that, said Seldon. I should think that new copies would be made of any record in danger of withering. How could you let knowledge disappear?Undesired knowledge is useless knowledge, said Dors. Can you imagine all the time, effort, and energy expended in a continual refurbishing of bracing selective information? And that wastage would grow steadily more extreme with time.Surely, you would have to allow for the fact that someone at some time might need the data being so carelessly disposed of.A particular item might be wanted once in a thousand years. To save it all just in case of such a need isnt cost-effectiv e. Even in science. You spoke of the primitive equations of gravitation and say it is primitive because its discovery is lost in the mists of antiquity. Why should that be? Didnt you mathematicians and scientists save all data, all information, back and back to the misty primeval time when those equations were discovered?Seldon groaned and made no attempt to answer. He said, Well, Hummin, so much for my idea. As we look back into the past and as society grows smaller, a useful psychohistory becomes more likely. But knowledge dwindles even more rapidly than size, so psychohistory becomes less likely-and the less outweighs the more.To be sure, there is the Mycogen Sector, said Dors, musing.Hummin looked up quickly. So there is and that would be the perfect place to put Seldon. I should have thought of it myself.Mycogen Sector, repeated Hari, looking from one to the other. What and where is Mycogen Sector?Hari, please, Ill tell you later. Right now, I have preparations to make. Youll l eave tonight.33.Dors had urged Seldon to sleep a bit. They would be leaving halfway between lights out and lights on, under cover of night, while the rest of the University slept. She insisted he could still use a little rest.And have you sleep on the floor again? Seldon asked.She shrugged. The bed will only hold one and if we both try to crowd into it, neither of us will get much sleep.He looked at her hungrily for a moment and said, Then Ill sleep on the floor this time.No, you wont. I wasnt the one who lay in a coma in the sleet.As it happened, neither slept. Though they darkened the room and though the perpetual hum of Trantor was only a drowsy sound in the relatively quiet confines of the University, Seldon found that he had to talk. He said, Ive been so much trouble to you, Dors, here at the University. Ive even been keeping you from your work. Still, Im relentless Ill have to leave you.Dors said, You wont leave me. Im coming with you. Hummin is arranging a leave of absence f or me.Seldon said, dismayed, I cant ask you to do that.Youre not. Hummins asking it. I must guard you. After all, I faded in connection with Upperside and should make up for it.I told you. Please dont feel guilty about that.-Still, I must confine I would feel more comfortable with you at my side. If I could only be sure I wasnt interfering with your lifeDors said softly, Youre not, Hari. Please go to sleep.Seldon lay silent for a while, then whispered, Are you sure Hummin can really arrange everything, Dors?Dors said, Hes a remarkable man. Hes got influence here at the University and everywhere else, I think. If he says he can arrange for an indefinite leave for me, Im sure he can. He is a most persuasive man.I know, said Seldon. Sometimes I wonder what he really wants of me.What he says, said Dors. Hes a man of strong and idealistic ideas and dreams.You sound as though you know him well, Dors.Oh yes, I know him well.Intimately?Dors made an odd noise. Im not sure what youre implyi ng, Hari, but, assuming the most insolent interpretation- No, I dont know him intimately. What business would that be of yours anyways?Im sorry, said Seldon. I just didnt want, inadvertently, to be invading someone elses-Property? Thats even more insulting. I think you had better go to sleep.Im sorry again, Dors, but I cant sleep. Let me at least change the subject. You havent explained what the Mycogen Sector is. Why will it be good for me to go there? Whats it like?Its a small sector with a population of only about two million-if I remember correctly. The thing is that the Mycogenians cling tightly to a set of traditions about early history and are supposed to have very ancient records not available to anyone else. Its just possible they would be of more use to you in your try examination of pre-Imperial times than orthodox historians might be. All our talk about early history brought the sector to mind.Have you ever seen their records?No. I dont know anyone who has.Can you be su re that the records really exist, then?Actually, I cant say. The assumption among non-Mycogenians is that theyre a bunch of madcaps, but that may be quite unfair. They certainly say they have records, so perhaps they do. In any case, we would be out of sight there. The Mycogenians keep strictly to themselves.-And now please do go to sleep.And in some manner Seldon finally did.34.Hari Seldon and Dors Venabili left the University grounds at 0300. Seldon realized that Dors had to be the leader. She knew Trantor better than he did-two years better. She was obviously a close friend of Hummin (how close? the question kept nagging at him) and she understood his instructions. Both she and Seldon were swathed in light swirling docks with tight-fitting hoods. The style had been a short-lived clothing fad at the University (and among young intellectuals, generally) some years back and though right now it might provoke laughter, it had the saving grace of covering them well and of making them unrecognizable-at least at a cursory glance.Hummin had said, Theres a possibility that the event Upperside was completely innocent and that there are no agents after you, Seldon, but lets be prepared for the worst.Seldon had asked anxiously, Wont you come with us?I would like to, said Hummin, but I must limit my absence from work if I am not to become a target myself. You understand?Seldon sighed. He understood.They entered an Expressway car and found a seat as far as possible from the few who had already boarded. (Seldon wondered why anyone should be on the Expressways at three in the morning-and then thought that it was lucky some were or he and Dors would be entirely too conspicuous.)Seldon leave out to watching the endless panorama that passed in review as the equally endless line of coaches moved along the endless monorail on an endless electromagnetic field.The Expressway passed row upon row of dwelling units, few of them very tall, but some, for all he knew, very deep. Still , if tens of millions of square kilometers formed an urbanized total, even 40 billion people would not require very tall structures or very closely packed ones. They did pass open areas, in most of which crops seemed to be growing-but some of which were clearly parklike. And there were numerous structures whose nature he couldnt guess. Factories? Office buildings? Who knew? One large featureless cylinder struck him as though it might be a water tank. After all, Trantor had to have a fresh water supply. Did they sluice rain from Upperside, filter and treat it, then store it? It seemed essential that they should. Seldon did not have very long to study the view, however.Dors muttered, This is about where we should be getting off. She stood up and her strong fingers gripped his arm.They were off the Expressway now, standing on unattackable flooring while Dors studied the directional signs.The signs were unobtrusive and there were many of them. Seldons heart sank. Most of them were in pictographs and initials, which were undoubtedly understandable to native Trantorians, but which were alien to him.This way, said Dors.Which way? How do you know?See that? Two wings and an arrow.Two wings? Oh. He had thought of it as an upside-down w, wide and shallow, but he could see where it might be the stylized wings of a bird. Why dont they use words? he said sullenly.Because words vary from world to world. What an air-jet is here could be a soar on Cinna or a swoop on other worlds. The two wings and an arrow are a Galactic sign for an air vessel and the symbol is understood everywhere. Dont you use them on Helicon?Not much. Helicon is a fairly homogeneous world, culturally speaking, and we tend to cling to our private ways firmly because were overshadowed by our neighbors.See? said Dors. Theres where your psychohistory might come in. You could show that even with different dialects the use of set symbols, Galaxy-wide, is a unify force.That wont help. He was following her through empty dim alleyways and part of his mind wondered what the crime rate might be on Trantor and whether this was a high-crime area. You can have a billion rules, each covering a single phenomenon, and you can derive no generalizations from that. Thats what one means when one says that a system might be interpreted only by a model as complex as itself.-Dors, are we heading for an air-jet?She stopped and turned to look at him with an amused frown. If were following the symbols for air-jets, do you suppose were trying to reach a golf course? Are you afraid of air-jets in the way so many Trantorians are?No, no. We fly freely on Helicon and I make use of air-jets frequently. Its just that when Hummin took me to the University, he avoided commercial air travel because he thought we would leave too clear a trail.Thats because they knew where you were to begin with, Hari, and were after you already. Right now, it may be that they dont know where you are and were using an obscure port and a private air-jet.And wholl be doing the flying?A friend of Hummins, I presume.Can he be trusted, do you suppose?If hes a friend of Hummins, he surely can.You certainly think highly of Hummin, said Seldon with a twinge of discontent.With reason, said Dors with no attempt at coyness. Hes the best.Seldons discontent did not dwindle.Theres the air-jet, she said.It was a small one with oddly shaped wings. Standing beside it was a small man, dressed in the usual glaring Trantorian colors.Dors said, Were psycho.The pilot said, And Im history.They followed him into the air-jet and Seldon said, Whose idea were the passwords?Hummins, said Dors.Seldon snorted. Somehow I didnt think Hummin would have a sense of humor. Hes so solemn.Dors smiled.

The Mother of a Traitor Summary

English Important Summary SAMThe Mother of a Traitor This story create verb all(prenominal)y by produceing GorkyIs a story of a conflict between ambition characterized by a traitor a brave but heartless son and deportment represented and characterized by the Mother of a Traitor, whither the heartless son appears with power and prowess, is easily victimized in the hand and lap of a mother who is appeared in the story actually ordinary developed because of the urgency of time.It also signifies through out the history, such(prenominal) ambitions appeared in the name of war however, ultimately, the life got the victory over the death and benevolent civilized continued, through such difficult hurdles. The story is a study on the underlying essence of the mothers, who are more than kind-hearted and loving, a cruel waster for the sake of preservation of life, for which she has especial duty imparted by the nature.Moreover, this story is another quest deep down clement psychology, which shows there is another truth within gentlemans gentleman mind, and man is something, more than a selfish creature, which makes one dedicated for the sake of society in the cost of the complete destruction of the selfish interests. Usually, the son is the or so have intercoursely and precious one for a mother, for which she is always ready to sacrifice any thing heretofore her life. However, the mother sacrifices the life of her son for the preservation of the society and herself for the sake of her love to her son, in this story.To get to such truth the writer leads us (the readers) through the imagined situation for the story to develop, where the enemy has surrounded a urban center for several days and each and every part of the hope for life of the citizen has-been lost. There is nothing else than the shadow of death for the citizen. Gradually, the cause after such situation is revealed, the most loving son of another is leading the enemy to attack upon the city to f ulfill the hunger of his ambition, without caring the old men, children, women and anything in the city.It hurts the mother extremely, who is so despised by the citizen that, either they dont care her at all or she listens herself the mothers cursing her womb staying at the side of their slain sons. The incident of the underlying character Mona Marianas encounter with the mother of slain man, breaks and balance and intensifies the story forcing hereto come upon bold last for the sake of her city where she was born, and where her forefathers spent their lives for its complex em tree trunk part and even their bones are buried there, and which is going to be cruelly destroyed by her lovely son.First she thinks of persuading her son to cancel such evil and appetites to take most difficult departure from the loving city and meet her son, the piece of her heart. She feels proud of her son, so smart, active and brave, and proudly raises her head, while listening to the enemy soldiers sing a song on his admiration. However, all of her proud on her son is sunk down, when the son didnt care at all for her feelings, in spite of his love for her. When she got tired f persuading her son, for the preservation of the city, the conflict between her love for the son and her love for the city got into the climax. Meanwhile, she looked to the city through a t terminus hole, which was waiting for her decision for its lifes sake, like a wounded and dumb animal, she couldnt ignore the expectation of the city for its lifes sake. She took un pass judgment and drastic decision of killing her son for the sake of the preservation of the city and killed herself for the sake of her son and to dwell together and to share the fate of the son.This story, which starts from the conflict within the mind of a mother ends at the solution of the problem at the cost of the life of a traitor and his mother. On the other hand the wounded and hopeless city gets life and lives new life after th e end of the story. The effective images employ there, make this story, favored, in terms of attaching the readers with the situation and giving the experience of both hopeless citizen and the mother in the difficulty of her mental conflict. The images used in the first part of the story, which gives the picture of the despaired city as if it is such a small and tender reature within the jaws of dreadful animal, which can be abject down at any moment without any hope of support of averting such inevitable destruction at any moment. The story is overflowing with symbol and images, which can easily attach the audience (readers) emotionally to the story particularly, the image of the city in the dark night like a fertilize between the jaws of enemy at the initial part, and the image of the city as a dumb and wounded animal at the succeeding part, are successful to make the audience feel with or identify with the central character and motivate them be sacrificed if needed for the s ake of their country and society.Knowledge and Wisdom This short prose piece, written by Bertrand Russell, criticizes the general and superficial sayings on the terms Knowledge and Wisdom, and illustrates concretely, going deep to make the conveys of these terms. In this highly complicated valet of knowledge and technology, people say knowledge insufficient and wisdom is no longer possible and needed. The writer asserts this saying doesnt contain the truth because the real meaning of wisdom doesnt concord with such easy-going meanings.According to him, Wisdom means sense of proportion, in other words, it is giving equal importance to every aspect of a problem. Similarly, Wisdom Includes both penetrating the things of distance in time and place (widening the horizon of mind), as well as giving place for them the level of feelings. It is a process of developing the capability of taking the things at the level of feelings. Having wisdom is developing the impartiality within us, b eing free from the limitation of here and now created by our selfish and personal senses within us.It is the process of emancipating the innate capacity of the mind, keeping it above the disturbances of the sensual perceptions. The development of the wisdom is not extraordinary activities like that of some sages rather it accords with our instinctive growth, as the mental horizon of the newly born child keeps on growing, wisdom also keeps on developing. Now, the intelligence is not able to yield expected success and end, because of the lack of the wisdom.A scientist applies whole of his life and energy, in the quest of some truth and discoveries, he has very little time to think about its large(p) results. Therefore, the boon of modern medicine has been changed into the cause of over population and scarce of food, and the alternative source of energy, the nuclear physics has been used to make the destructive bomb. Therefore, along with the advancement at the sector of science a nd technology, the wisdom is equally necessary and needed.Moreover, it should be one of the objectives of modern education system. Use and Misuse of Science This prose piece, written by Cyril Garbett is an attempt to give the solution of the most burning problem of the modern age, the massive destructive result because of misuse of modern science, while science itself is the boon for the life at present. The evil result of the science is also not beyond the Human understanding.There is ethical principle within everyone in this world, which should be manifested and it should be made able to control the activities of science and discoveries, especially while the negative results are foresighted. Then only the good result, the boon of the modern science is justified. Otherwise, the drastic change, which the modern science has brought into the life of billions of people, which was the privilege of the some within a few decades ago, remains within the shadow of the misuse and destructiv e result of the science and technology.There are many examples, which make us proud for the advantages brought into our life, at the sector of communication, transportation, medicine, education, and so on, which have not only made our living longer, and halcyon but also deepened the quality of our life. Still due to the misuse of the science we are always living under the shadow of death and destruction, for which this age has surpassed to all the previous ages, with the nuclear bombs, with their capacity of claiming the destruction of this earth more than seven times at once.Beauty While reading the essay on Beauty by American feminist writer Susan Sontag, It seems she is trying to create such human society which stays above the discrimination of Male and Female, imposed upon traditionally. Moreover, it is useless and extra to delimit human being restricting from complete development, including the qualities, which are supposed only for male and only for egg-producing(prenominal ). It seems it is needless to differentiate betweenmale and female except few of the natural duty.Otherwise, whatever thequalities have been imposed upon Male and Female are not appropriate withthe modern time. Most importantly, the Male should be free from the ill-use concept thatdelimit him from some of the essential qualities of life, as softness, wisdom,sensitivities, politeness and it is needless for him to remain always proud,and prowess as well as harsh. Similarly, for the Female it is needless to remain always, weak, soft, indecisive, immature, bodily and fragmented.These attributes particularly for the male and female are not natural but of the social product, produced at a certain stage of history, which automatically changes and mustiness be changed along the course of time. This assay truelove, reflects the spirit of modern feminist movement, and reveals a truth that the narrow-minded and imbalanced interest of male chauvinism has manipulated even the language and wor d as beauty, for which the females are not aware of and are always living the incomplete and superficial life depending on the male. Language is high-energy and sensitive, which is easily influenced with the sociopolitical situation.It also serves as the weapons for one group to suppress and weaken another. In this essay, Beauty, the ordinary word serves as an example, which has been influenced and been deviated a lot from its original meaning and is being widely used as the veil covering the underlying truth of the female. Now a beautiful female with her high intellectual, physical and spiritual capacity is taken so surprisingly, as if these capacities dons have any relation with the word beauty and it is taken as if a beautiful lady should neer be so capacious in these sectors.Moreover, with the adjective beautiful for any female, we understand her always tender, superficial, dependent and weak, evaluating and admiring her physical attraction in terms of the parts of her body (s o inhuman evaluation),while the correspondent term for male handsome, needs complete view and complete evaluation. In reality, the word in the Greek, the root of western civilization, with the meaning alike(p) to beauty, includes all the physical, intellectual and spiritual capabilities and attributes of a female and there is no such clear difference between the male and female.Therefore, there must be a mistake in some part of the History, which shrank down the meaning of beauty. At the medieval time, when Christianity had strong dominance over all through the western world, humanity had been suppressed and beauty and attraction used as the source of the evil and against God. Simultaneously, female started to be taken as the source of evil and destruction. They were legal opinion the subject to be suppressed and always depending on the male and being the source of pleasure.Again the humanism is restored in this world still the meaning of the word, beauty and the stead to the fe male is not changed. Female are always deprived of their inborn intellectual, spiritual and physical capacities. Female are living in the false survey of flatter with the term beauty. It is a great misfortune that even the highly intellectual women and women writers are not free from such concept evaluating a female in terms of the superficial and skin-color, how an ordinary lady can be expected free from such mental snares.Paradoxically, women are praised with the false assumption that beauty is the source power, but they should be aware that this is not the power to do anything rather it is the power to stimulate the male to do something upon them, and to be completely feature by male, and to be consumed by even at the cost of self destruction. Custom This essay by an anthropologist, Clyde Klukhohn is an anthropological view on the human life and husbandry.Different than the thinkers of the other fields man anthropologist thinks human life and human civilization differently. Ac cording to him, there is something else than the biological reality and scientific advancement inevitably associated with human life in this colorful world society. It divides the human being into different cultural sectors. In spite of so great similarity in biological and scientific phenomenon among all the human beings in this world, some of typical behavior makes very deep and effective tint on their life.For example, Chinese dislike take out and milk products Japanese have the Hara-kiri some of the Koryak females like their husband to marry another wife, which is the issue of intolerance and jealousy for the female in America. near of the people devour the meat of snake, which makes disruptive reaction for the people of other places. The children of Indiana cultural do not like to dance boys and girls together, where the physical touches, within same clan are considered as the incestuous and immoral.These differences are caused only because of the geographical and climatic d ifferences. Though these differences seem insignificant superficially, they have great impact on ones life. One can live in the same culture where his habits have been formulated, rather than one biological identity. If an American is brought to inner China, where the Chinese culture is imparted into his essence of life, he is more Chinese than American in spite of his blood and complexion.These customs make greater differences than the biological realities within the physical body of one individual. Understanding of human life is not complete only with the biological understanding and without the understanding such cultural differences, which are generally know as the custom. A question is asked why the world is so much diversified that one feels completely alien while going to different society, in spite of the similarities in the biological factors in our body, as well as similarities in our behavior with the science and technology.Similar question can also be asked here how the world would be in case there is single custom all-through the world. Can we make the world with single custom? What would be its result? Would the world be as beautiful, as creative, and living worthy as we are seeing now? No most importantly man would lose the desire to live once his/her difference is omitted or suppressed completely.