Trends Of Islamic Banking In Pakistan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3328 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Literature Review Mehmoob Ul-Hassan (2007) explained that the main motive of this article is to analyze the efforts that have been made and measures that have been taken to Islamize the economy, specifically the banking and financial institutions in Pakistan. In this it is explained what are the factors that helped in the process of islamization and at the same time it also discussed that what factors hindered the islamization process in Pakistan. The role of Supreme Court in the establishment of Islamic Banking is also discussed. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Trends Of Islamic Banking In Pakistan" essay for you Create order The article explains that the real motive to get a separate nation was to provide an atmosphere to the people so they can live according to the techniques which are explained in Islam. It is also explained in the article that only the term interest was replaced with profit while the procedure were remained same under the interest free banking experience. The government was not able to remove the concept of interest from the banking practices. There are explained some factors which were the main hurdle in the Islamization process, these include the Government administration, Absence of Authentic Political Support, lack of Professional Management in the Central Bank of Pakistan, the Exploitative Socio-Economic Atmosphere of the Country. There are different variables in the articles some of them are Need of Pakistan to practice Islamic Principles, the importance of Islamic finance in todays world, teachings of Holy Quran. These were which the variables which basically promote islamizati on and the process of Islamic Banking. There were also some variables involved which were a hurdle in Islamic Banking, these were the Government Administration which fail to introduce any policies in this regard, Absence of Authentic Political Support, Lack of Professional in the Central Bank of Pakistan, the Exploitative Socio-Economic Atmosphere of the Country. This article is relevant to my research because in this article it is explained that what factors basically affect the trend of Islamic banking in Pakistan. For example it is explained that how Government was unable to promote Islamic Banking in Pakistan, there was no authentic political support, there was no professional management in the Central Bank. And this article also explains basically how Islamic banks operate. This article also explains various modes of Islamic Banking. Muhammad Anwar (1992) explained that how Islamic banks operates in Pakistan and in Iran. It is explained that Pakistan and Iran were seen ac tive in Islamization process. This article also discusses the problems which these countries face while introducing Islamic Banking in their countries. This is explained in which it actually complement the previous and which is this that the only solution of the problem for these countries lies in the Islamic economic system. It is also explained that Zia regime initiated islamization of banking in 1979, primarily to seek political support of the Islamic activists. In Iran basically interest on all assets was replaced by a 4 percent maximum service charge and a 4-8 percent minimum profit rate. There was a Law for the Usury-free Banking and in this some Modes of financing were allowed and they were qard al hasan, mudharabah, civil partnership, legal partnership, hire-purchase, installment transactions, muzaraah, mosaqaat, direct investment, forward deals, joalah, and debt-pruchase. And on other hand Pakistan adopted a profit and loss sharing banking system. The same thing is discusse d in this article also and that is this that in Pakistan banks continues to follow the conventional practices by charging interest in the name of profit. In the conclusion it is explained that in Pakistan there are certain factors because of which the Islamic Banking did not promote in Pakistan. There are some people in Pakistan and government, banks and some business community which are reluctant to shun existing practices of conventional banks, because these individuals believe that the practices of conventional banks are more beneficial for them. Some of the variables in this article are dictation of Shariah, Government initiative and Federal Shariah Courts. These were the variables which basically promote Islamization. Other factors which prove to be a hurdle in promoting Islamic banking include Government, business community and some banks which were in favor for the conventional banks. This article is relevant to my research because it explains what causes the variation in the trend of Islamic Banking. This explains that how Islamic banking operates in Iran and Pakistan. This article also explains how different individuals prove to be a hurdle in the promotion of Islamic banking. Dr. Shamshad Akhtar (2007), explained that Islamic Finance has maintained its importance in almost 60 countries. In this it is explained that the world is also recognizing the importance of Islamic finance and in the case of Pakistan, Mr. Muhammad Ali Jinnah emphasized the importance and the virtues of Islamic principles. It is also explained that State bank plays a key role in the promotion of Islamic banking. Islamic banking basically introduces an Islamic Banking Policy. State bank felt that the need of the hour is this that currently we could not abolish the conventional banking, but what we could do is this that we can promote Islamic banking in parallel to the development of conventional finance industry. The variables in this article are the Role of Muhammad Ali Jin nah and how he encourages the Islamic principles. Another variable is the State Bank of Pakistan policies. Basically it is explained that Muhammad Ali Jinnah was of the view that if we want to prosper and we want to be successful in life then without doubt wel have to follow the guidelines of the Quran and we have fully follow the Shariah. So thats why in his speech he encourages the government and the people to fully follow the Islamic Principles. Further in the article it is explained that SBP policies was very useful for the promotion of the Islamic Banking. And in this regard the SBP introduces Islamic Banking Policy in December 2001. And with the help of these policies, the Islamic Banking flourishes to a large extent. These variables is in accordance with my research because it explained that how different political personalities and in this regard Muhammad Ali Jinnah encourages the Islamic Principles. And it is also explained that how SBP Policies were proved to useful in the promotion of Islamic Banking. Mohamed Ariff (2001) explained the same thing that Iran and Pakistan have attempted to Islamize the entire banking system. It explained that Iran in August 1983 switched to Islamic Banking with a three year transition period. Whereas on the other hand the experience of Pakistan is totally different. Pakistan went for a gradual islamization process in 1979. In first phase banks operated on interest and no interest basis. In second phase banks operated only on the basis of no interest. In Pakistan and in some other countries where Islamic banks are working reveal interesting similarities and differences. The current accounts are operated on the basis and principles of alwadiah. Savings deposits are also working on the basis of alwadiah. There are also variations in the modes among different countries. For example musharaka is more important than murabaha in Sudan, while the reverse has been the case in Malaysia. The variable in this article is this that mainly Shariah affects the working and the efficiency of Islamic Banking. Mainly it is because of the teachings of Holy Quran that people want a way which is in accordance with the teachings of Holy Quran. This article holds a significance importance because of the fact that it shows the clear and objective relationship between principles of Quran and the efficiency of Islamic Banking. So it is true that Islamic Banking was promoted because of teachings of Islam. A.L.M Abdul Gafoor (1995), explained that the Modern banking system was confined to capital cities and it was out of the reach for the common man. So then the concept of Islamic banking and in some countries local banks were established on the same lines on which the interest based foreign banks were operating. And in this regard it was actually become impossible to avoid interaction with the banks. So Government, individuals and businesses start their dealings with banks. And in this period mainly Islamic banki ng gets promoted. Then it is explained that Islamic banking was managed to attract more attention because of two reasons first because of the political interest and second because at that time there emergence of young Muslim economists. It is explained that in Pakistan the development of Islamic banking was mainly an initiative of the Government. Mainly the practices of Islamic banks are almost same throughout the world, however there are small changes due to laws of that country and the individual experiences of that bank. The general features of all the Islamic banks are Deposit accounts, Current accounts, Savings account, investment accounts. And different modes of Islamic banks are Investment financing, Trade financing, lending, Services. The main variables in this article are Government influence which explains that how the interaction of government with banks promotes Islamic Banking. Then next we have Emergence of Young Muslim Economist. It is explained that when young Muslim economist emerged they felt the need of the Islamic principles and tried their best to promote Islamic Banking. Laws and Individual experiences of different banks also determine that how banks will operate in the country. This article is important for my research because it explains clearly that what factors or variables cause the trends of Islamic banking in Pakistan. It explains that Government influence is the main thing in the promotion and the progress of the Islamic banking. And very importantly the young Muslim economists play a major role in the developing the concept of Islamic banking in Pakistan. Laws of the country also affect the progress and working of Islamic banking in which it is operating. Sudin haron (1998) explained that there are more than 150 Islamic banking institutions and one interesting thing to note here is this that these institutions just dont work only in Muslim countries but also in the Non- Muslims countries. The main of this article is to expl ain the operations and practices of different Islamic institutions in different Muslim countries. This study mainly focuses 11 countries including Pakistan. The Islamic banks which adopted Shariah Principles can be divided into four categories, profit and loss sharing, fees based, free services, and ancillary principles. The performance of these Islamic banks also affects from the influence of Government. And after this it is explained that the performance of these Islamic banks are affected by the demand of the customers. Because customers in any business are extremely important for that business, the main variable in this is the Needs of the Customers. It is explained that Islamic banks change their operation and policies keeping in mind the demands of the Customers. It is explained that these banks provide short, medium and long term funding facilities and because Islamic banks are not allowed to lend money on the basis of interest, so all financing were based on either profit or loss sharing or on the basis of fixed charges. This article is very important to my research because it clearly describes what my research has to cover and that is what influences the performance and working of Islamic banking. And in this case which is the Needs of the customers which influences the working and the efficiency of Islamic Banking. Mr. Paul Wouters (2008), explained the comparison of Islamic banking in Turkey, Indonesia and Pakistan. He explained that in 1985 basically there was a major change in the banking industry of Pakistan, and he explained that in 1985 all the banking in Pakistan was converted to interest free banking. But as time passes and as the performance of banking sector was evaluated then it was noted that the industry is not performing up to standard. So there was a need to bring a radical change in the system. In 2001 it was realized that Islamic banking alone is not capable of bringing growth to this industry. So in 2001 it was decided that Is lamic banking should operate along with the conventional banking. So this idea was practically performed and conventional banks were encouraged to open Islamic banks. It is also explained that in the present scenario, there are large amount of Islamic banks branches in Lahore and Karachi. And it is commonly known that these banks are operating very successfully and they are also expanding day by day. In the case of Indonesia it is mentioned that those conventional banks who wish to open Islamic banks in Indonesia have to basically dedicate 5 % of their assets to these venture which are basically the Islamic banks. So it is expected that in the coming future there will be very much growth in the Islamic banking industry. In Malaysia basically Islamic industry has maintained its importance and position in the industry and it is also explained that there are separate rules and regulations for Islamic banks in Malaysia. This article is exactly in aligned with my research because this article discusses the history of Islamic banking in Pakistan that firstly the banking system entirely converted to Islamic banking, but then it is explained that this was not proved to be successful then it was decided that Islamic banks should operate side by side with conventional banks in Pakistan. Ashfaq Ahmad (2010) explained the comparison of Islamic banks with conventional banks. In the article it is explained that State Bank of Pakistan has tried a lot for the establishment of Islamic banks in Pakistan. In this regard in 2002 Meezan bank was declared and it was also registered as the first Islamic bank in Pakistan. The author basically explained that if we try to differentiate Islamic banks from conventional banks then there are three grounds on which these two can be differentiated. They are differentiated in terms of their objectives, riba and the procedures through which they take risk in their practices. It is explained in the article that there is a great chance of success for Islamic banks in Pakistan because 96% of the population in Pakistan is Muslims. And it is also mentioned that Islamic banks did experience some growth in the past. The author discusses that there are two kind of banking system in Pakistan and that are conventional banks and Islamic banks and he also added that it is observed that Islamic banks are giving tough time to the conventional banks in Pakistan. After that the author expresses that State Bank of Pakistan plays a vital role in development of Islamic banks and SBP also tries that these Islamic banks operate in accordance with the Islamic teachings. Further in the article the author explained that in the field of Islamic banks the performance of Islamic banks can be measured by the level of quality service that the banks offer. As level of quality service is directly linked to the customer satisfaction, so if Islamic banks offer quality service to their customers then the customer satisfaction level will be higher. In this research the researcher collected the date from 720 respondents which were the customers of the bank. This article is very much linked to my research because this explains that how basically Islamic banks operate and how they can basically satisfy their end consumer. In this article the main variable is the role of SBP, SBP basically organize and develop Islamic banking concept in it true sense. Agha Zohaib Khan (2009), explained that whatever banking is present in society either it is conventional or Islamic is extremely important in any country. The author explained in his article that the major difference in Islamic banks from conventional banks is this that Islamic banks operate without the concept of interest. The author explained that the religious and economic needs were basically responsible for giving birth to Islamic banking in Pakistan. It is explained that in the beginning when the system of Islamic banking was introduced in Pakistan, it was unfortunately n ot successful and also fall apart. Then the system was also re launched afterwards somewhere in 2002. And at this it was decided that Islamic banks should operate along with conventional banks. The author disclosed that in 2003, there was actually only 1 Islamic bank which was only offering Islamic banking and at this time 3 conventional banks were running Islamic banking branches to fulfill the need of their customers. And he further added that now 6 banks are solely for Islamic banking and there are 12 conventional banks which have their Islamic bank branches in different areas. The author explained that in a very short period of time the number of branches of Islamic banks increased rapidly. The author explained that despite of economic crisis it was considered that the growth in Islamic banking industry was more than the conventional banking industry This article is actually linked to my research in this way that it basically explains the trend of Islamic banking in Pakistan. First it explains that initially when Islamic banks were introduced they were complete failure but after some time in 2002, Islamic banks were launched again and at this time along with conventional banks. Then it is explained that in present Islamic banks are present in a large number in Pakistan. ZIAUDDIN AHMAD (1994) explained that what is the concept behind Islamic banking, he said that if we analyze the definition of Islamic banks then we come to know that it is that financial institution that work in accordance with the principles of Sharia. It is actually explained that firstly when conventional banks were present in the society at that time it was very difficult for the people to stay away from these conventional banks. But the author stated that now Islamic banks are present everywhere now and everyone who wished to live without the concept of interest then they have the option of Islamic banking. It is explained in the article that Islamic banking is the complete solut ion of the problem which we are facing in the present time. It is explained that if we analyze human history then we come to know that many scholars of different religions were at that time against this interest. It is explained that banking system can be operated very well without the element of interest. It is explained that the banking system is extremely important for any society because these institutions take money from those who have surplus and give money to those who have shortage of funds. It is mentioned that the banking which is present in todays time is not very old. It is also explained that conventional banks solely operate on the basis of interest while on the hand Islamic banks operate on the concept of profit and loss sharing. This article is relevant to my search in this way that it truly state how Islamic bank operate. It clearly distinguishes that that conventional banks solely operate on the basis of interest while on the hand Islamic banks operate on the co ncept of profit and loss sharing. It also explains some of practices of Islamic banking. The main variable in this article is Need of Consumers for Islamic Banking. Theoretical Framework Requirements of Customers Access to Capital Operations of Conventional banks State Bank Policies Government Regulations Governments Influence Performance and trends of Islamic Banks Security Conditions of the Country Laws of the Country Needs of their Customers Individual bank Experiences Need to interact with other interest based banks Principles of Shariah Feed back of Customers Hypothesis H0: Instability in the country do not have an impact on the Performance and Trends of Islamic Banking H0: Consumers Needs do not have an impact on the Performance of Islamic Banking H0: Government Regulations do not have an impact on the Performance of Islamic Banking H0: Laws of the country do not have an impact on the Performance and Trends of Islamic Banking H0: Performance of Conventional Banks do not have an impact on the Performance and Trends of Islamic Banking H0: Policies of State Bank of Pakistan do not have an impact on the Performance and Trends of Islamic Banking

Human cloning and Immanuel Kant - 1114 Words

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Independence at Catalonia-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Independence at Catalonia. Answer: Catalonia is a part of the Spain and divided into four provinces such as Barcelona, Girona, Lleida and Tarragona. It is an autonomous community and the capital city of the state is Barcelona. In recent times, the state is being highlighted in many journals and newspapers due to its independence war with Spain (Muoz and Guinjoan). The revolution begins in the year 1922 and Francesc Marcia was the founder of the movement. Modern independence movement has begun in the year 2006. In that year a referendum had been made in between the Spanish government and Catatonia and the same has been challenged before the apex court as many of the referendum were unconstitutional in nature. It has been presumed that the movement regarding the independence has been initiated from that time (Serrano). A vote has been taken place in the year 2014 regarding the independence of Catalonia and it has been observed that 81% of votes are casted in favour of the independence of Catalonia and therefore the pro-independent president of the state has started to enchant slogan for independence (Crameri). On 1st October 2017, another vote has been casted and the report was more massive from the first one where 91% people have casted their vote for the independence of the state. On 27th October, an independent republic has been established by the resolution of the Parliament of Catalonia and that get support from various parties (Jolly). Before getting into the aftermath effect of the independence movement, it is required to point out the significance of the important movements that had taken major role in the current situation. The seed of the movement derived its origin from the Estat Catala founded by Fraancesc Marcia, who has signed one agreement with Spanish government and introduce the system of autonomy. However, the party was broke away in the year 1940 and formed a new party named National Front of Catalonia (Serrano). The party was supported the language of the state and pronounced their vision for the interest of the independence (Calzada). In 2006, many political parties of the state has raised their voice on behalf of the independence and the war is still going on. However, there are certain reasons lying behind the independence movement of Catalonia and that can be stated in the subsequent paragraphs. The independent character of the movement was provoked by the decision of the apex court of Spain in 2010, where it has been pronounced that many provisions of the referendum passed in 2006 were unconstitutional (Colomer). The political parties are began to protest the fact that Catalonia should get independence from Spain. It has been observed earlier that the provinces of Catalonia casted vote for the interest of the independence and therefore the president of the state Carles Puigdemont had declared the independence of the state unilaterally. The New Yorks Times has opted for the unlikely symbol of the state of Catalonia and points out the police violence in the state (Elias). It should be bored in mind that the state has pronounced its independence unilaterally, though other countries have not supported the independence movement and therefore, Catalonia, if get independence, has to take many steps regarding the development of the state (Guibernau). The first reform should be taken from the economic side as from various journals it has been observed that the yearly Gross Domestic Product of the state is 215 billion Euros but it depends on the Spanish states and therefore, they have to think about the altered way to retain this glory. Besides removal of the Spanish flag, it is also required to develop proper official sign for the state. The main problem is that certain important internal matters like the security system, defence, ports, airports and the railway authorities are imposed on the hands of the Spanish government and the head office of the same is situated in Madrid. Therefore, a thorough change or alteration is required in this case (Lepi?). The government of Catalonia should take necessary steps in this case. The spending catalogue of Catalonia is in the hand of Spain and Spain is enjoying the full-fledged power over the same. Besides this, all the necessary steps should be taken into consideration regarding the police force of the state and the taxation system should be regarded as the cause of disagreement regarding the interest of the state. The second concern regarding the independence of the Catalonia evolved with the dealing of international trade. It has been stated that most of the power regarding the trade has been imposed on the hands of the Spanish government and the transportation system is based on the modem like road, air, port and railway (Chamon and Van der Loo). However, it can be observed that these matters are exclusively under the control of Spain and the head office of the same are situated in Madrid. Therefore, if the government of Catalonia wants to improve the base of international trade, it will have to take necessary steps regarding the reformation of the transportation system. By international trade, it is being observed that a market where the goods of one country is being exchanged with the goods of another country. The share of the gross domestic products is held as important criteria in this case (Muro and Vlaskamp). In case of develop the base regarding the international trade, it is important to analyse the advantages of the same so that it could be better for the economic interest of the country. Through international trade, the category commodities can be determined and therefore, it will facilitate the condition of the country and provoke the state to export those goods. It has been reported by the CNBC that the most expected immediate effect of the independence is loss of jobs, deterioration of the wealth power and therefore, the state of Catalonia should have to expand its policies regarding the international trade and commerce (Fassbender). Certain policies are to be adopted to affects the flow of goods and export the subsidies through international trade. At first, it is required to point out the trade barriers and then set out the plans for the removal of the barriers and facilitate the ways of international trade. It has been stated by Gandolfo on International Trade and Economic Growt h that suitable economic policies are to be adopted regarding the promotion of the trade barriers. It has also been mentioned by Peter Lavelle that the economic barriers are needed to be planned and it should be support the process of economic sufficiency. It is therefore important to point out the effective policies over the situation. Catalonia should implement necessary policies regarding the taxation system, has to impose taxes on the export, and imported goods. Restrictions should be imposed on the exchange of drugs and other addicted goods and staffs. Subsidized loans are being generated to maintain a flow regarding the international trade so that the economy of the country could get benefit. The coming years will be one of the most important and critical to the politics of Europe. The political developments of UK, Spain and Belgium will face turmoil in the coming years. The researcher this report have highlighted the case of Spain, which has seen a long range of political battles on the grant of independence to Catalonia (Tortella). The major hiccup that exists on the independence of Catalonia is the silence of the European Union Treaties on the possibility of transforming to individual member states from just autonomous states. The treaties are designed in such a way that they do not adhere to the policies of the new states. However this is not the only concern as because the president of the European council of states and the European Commission has strictly mentioned that Catalonia would be losing their European Union status upon independence. The commission has stated that to regain the membership status the newly independent country have to re apply for membership u nder Article 49 TEU. The proponents of the Catalonian independence do not go with the view and they believe that such a thing is very unconstitutional and is a strong attempt to disrupt or crush their fight for independence (Serrano). The biggest argument in such a favour is that if a region under the jurisdiction of the European Union acquires independence on the basis of constitutional and democratic process in line with the core values of the union are mentioned in Article 2 the country have the right to become one of the member states of Europe. Spain is however suffering economically because of the Catalonia crisis (Fassbender). The government of Catalonia has agreed that it would play a major role in the redistribution of wealth across the region. The government of Catalonia will obviously need to sponsor a large scale investment in creating new structures that will help it to easily6 adapt to the change in the political surroundings after the independence of the country. It i s important to establish new Central banks and other monetary institutions that will help in the creation of the new state easily. Another problem that exists is the debt of the government. The newly formed Spanish state and the Catalonian government has to negotiate a deal to allocate the joint assets and the liabilities of the government. The Catalan Government has to seek funding from the financial markets. The following possibility can only happen once the state becomes independent and have an own tax system that is able to set its own policies for raising taxes (Oskam). The newly formed state of Catalonia can have an alternative entry to the European Union trading space by entering into an agreement with EFTA which is a substitute of European Union. The articles 56-60 of the EFTA constitution explains that in order to become a member of the following group the particular region must shed off its autonomous status and become an independent state. Thus the road is clear for Catalonia to easily become an EFTA member to make sure that it does not face any constraints from doing free trade with other member countries or with countries of other continents (Bel). The agreement can be established in two ways. The first one being Catalonia and the European Union can decide on a unilateral way to not impose tax duties on the goods that are manufactured in the respected territories. On the other hand both of them can sign a bilateral agreement to guarantee the free trade and services and can also define a common corporation framework. Another way to establish trade is signing up free trade agreements with other custom unions or with the third states. As mentioned earlier the country can face serious hurdles on signing up a trade agreement with the European Union and thus the Catalonian Government can themselves sign up new trade agreements with the interested countries to make sure that they have a proper trade going on round the year (Guibernau). Some of the other problems that would be faced by Catalonia is the establishment of borders which would usher in corruption in trade and would lead the suppliers and the people to malpractices. The state will also have to establish its own standards of trading regulators and must start healthy discussions with Spain on setting up its own trade agreements. The other disadvantage, which is perhaps the biggest, is that Catalonia is not a member of the World Trade Organization. Not being the member of such a global trade platform puts the country in a jeopardized situation once it is independent (Elias). The people residing in Catalonia would also face difficulties on issues related to visa or foreign travel as because the citizens will lose the status of being a European citizen and thus will be treated as a foreign national even in visiting Spain (Luis Garca). Catalonia also must adapt a new currency so that it does not face any problems on being ousted from European Union and be rejected to allow Euro as its national currency. The European Union does not recognize peseta as currency anymore and thus Catalonia has to develop a new currency in lines with the European treaties or EFTA. The adoption of new currency will surely pose a huge challenge to the new state as because for such a development the Government of Catalonia must immediately held talks with Both Spain and European Union and standardize a currency for use in the country. After all this it will be their task to set up a currency producing unit that can meet the currency demands of the new state. Either the country has to take Euro as their currency or some other recognized currencies to start with. Being one of the most smallest states and surrounded on all sides by the largest economies of the world will mount more tensions on the country as because the goods imported in the country will see an automatic rise in price and thus will make the living cost much higher as compared to other European nations. The Catalan Government has to take some strict measures to control such a situation where the country can impose strict capital controls where the capital cannot be transferred outside the country (Crameri). The country has to take into account all such different possibilities to make it easier for the country towards a smooth and easy independence. The decision regarding the currency has to be taken by the advisory council of the Catalan Government. Catalonia is working in tandem with fine tech experts of Estonia to create a new digital currency that will help them to attain independence from Spain. Some of the hardliner separatists are said to be working on a new block chain currency similar to the plan B initiative that was used during the financial crisis of Greece. The cryptographers of Barcelona have been taking advice from experts to create the cur rency in such a way that it becomes the most advanced in todays world. The country also has aims to create the currency that is free of control from both Spain and the central bank of European Central Bank. Catalonia is one of the most economically viable states of Europe as it has an annual GDP of $196billion much bigger than many of the European countries (Balcells). The above analysis thus clearly determines the different problems that exist on the split up of Catalonia from the state of Spain. The government of Catalonia has elaborate plans to make sure that they does not face any problem regarding the creation of the state and thus has plans to tackle such problems. The creation of the economic infrastructure and the creation of a new currency is certainly one of the positive steps towards such an achievement. The globe is waiting eagerly to witness such a mega event and whether the newly formed state achieves success in the modern world or not. References: Bel, Germ.Disdain, Distrust and Dissolution: The Surge of Support for Independence in Catalonia. Sussex Academic Press, 2015. Calzada, Igor. "The Right to Decide in Democracy between Recentralisation and Independence: Scotland, Catalonia and the Basque Country."Regions Magazine296.1 (2014): 7-8. Chamon, Merijn, and Guillaume Van der Loo. "Scotland and Catalonia would face very real challenges in making a seamless transition to EU membership after independence."LSE European Politics and Policy (EUROPP) Blog(2014). Colomer, Josep M. "The venturous bid for the independence of Catalonia."Nationalities Papers(2017): 1-18. Crameri, Kathryn. "Political power and civil counterpower: The complex dynamics of the Catalan independence movement."Nationalism and Ethnic Politics21.1 (2015): 104-120. Crameri, Kathryn.Goodbye, Spain? The question of independence for Catalonia. Sussex Academic Press, 2014. Elias, Anwen. "Catalan independence and the challenge of credibility: The causes and consequences of Catalan nationalist parties strategic behavior."Nationalism and Ethnic Politics21.1 (2015): 83-103. Fassbender, Bardo. "The Place of an Independent Catalonia in the European Union."3rd International Conference Sobirania i Justcia, Barcelona, October 4th https://www. sij. cat/fitxers/Bardo_Fassbender. pdf. 2013. Guibernau, Montserrat. "Prospects for an independent Catalonia."International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society27.1 (2014): 5-23. i Gonzlez, Albert Balcells. "Working women in the factories and home workshops of Catalonia in the 19th and first third of the 20th centuries."Catalan Historical Review(2015): 71-82. Jolly, Seth. "Voting for Nation or State: Determinants of Independence Support in Scotland Catalonia."Browser Download This Paper(2014). Lepi?, Martin. "Limits to territorial nationalization in election support for an independence-aimed regional nationalism in Catalonia."Political Geography60 (2017): 190-202. Muoz, Jordi, and Marc Guinjoan. "Accounting for internal variation in nationalist mobilization: unofficial referendums for independence in Catalonia (200911)."Nations and Nationalism19.1 (2013): 44-67. Muoz, Jordi, and Marc Guinjoan. "Accounting for internal variation in nationalist mobilization: unofficial referendums for independence in Catalonia (200911)."Nations and Nationalism19.1 (2013): 44-67. Muro, Diego, and Martijn Vlaskamp. "The Spanish government must find a positive message for Catalonia if it is to reduce support for Catalan independence."LSE European Politics and Policy (EUROPP) Blog(2014). Oskam, Jeroen. "A new state in Europe? Scenarios for Catalan self-determination."Futures64 (2014): 51-60. Serrano, Ivan. "Just a matter of identity? Support for independence in Catalonia."Regional Federal Studies23.5 (2013): 523-545. Serrano, Ivan. "Just a matter of identity? Support for independence in Catalonia."Regional Federal Studies23.5 (2013): 523-545. Tortella, Gabriel, and Jos Luis Garca Ruiz. "The Peseta and the Bank of Spain."Spanish

Understanding Spesific Needs in Health and Social Care free essay sample

The aim of this essay is to analyse the concepts of health, disability, illness and behaviour and also investigate how health and social care services and systems support individuals with specific needs and look at different approaches and intervention strategies available to support individuals with specific needs, lastly will explain what challenging behaviour is and explain strategies available for those working with people with specific needs LO1. 1 Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1974). During the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion in 1986, the World Health Organisation said that health is â€Å"a source for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasising social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities†. Health is traditionally equated to the absence of disease. A lack of fundamental pathology was thought to define ones health as good, whereas biological driven pathogens and conditions would render an individual with poor health and labelled diseased. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Spesific Needs in Health and Social Care or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, Aggleton amp; Homans (1897), Ewles amp; Simnett (1999) argue that health is holistic and includes different dimensions and all needs to be considered. Bilingham (2010) explains health in two models which are the biomedical model and the socio-medical model. She said biomedical model is an approach to health and illness that identifies healthy as the ‘absence of disease’ and focuses on diagnosing and curing individuals with specific illnesses , the socio medial model is an approach to health and illness that focuses on the social and environmental factors that influence our health, including the impact of poverty and poor housing. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 defines a disabled person as anyone with a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long term adverse effect upon his or her ability to carry out normal day to day activities. Disability can affect someone’s mobility, learning or understanding, and lack of understanding when it comes to danger. Disability covers a lot of impairments which include physical impairments, sensory impairments and communication difficulties. There are three models of disability which are the personal tragedy model, the medical model and the social model. In the past people with disabilities were discriminated by the families and the society. The language and terminology used were words such as imbeciles, handicapped and mental retarded. People with disabilities were called dangerous and scary and they were seen as not equal citizens, in need of special care. They were not seen as normal people. Behaviour is anything that a person does or does not do which has a negative effect on their lives or the lives of others. The negative effects can be emotional, physical and social. Also, one’s behaviour pleases and other’s infuriates. Some behaviour are socially acceptable here in the western world but not socially acceptable in African communities, for example kissing in public is not totally acceptable where I come from nevertheless, here in London (Europe) people can kiss in the public without any problem, people accept such behaviours in Europe . Illness is the partial experience of loss of health (Naidoo and Wills, 2000 p7). Illness is having poor health and is considered a synonym for disease; some have described it as a perception by a patient to define a disease. Illness indicates a condition causing harm and pain. Social constructionists argue that the following concepts illness, health, disease and behaviour are all relative concepts not universal but particular. Social concepts are learned and shared. Concepts often tell us more about the societies out of which they came than about the thing they are actually describing. LO1. 2 People’s perceptions on specific needs vary from cultures and societies. People’s perceptions Are also culturally and historically specific. Epilepsy in the Middle Ages was viewed as a violent possession by malevolent or even divine forces. Early part of the 20th century epilepsy was linked with insanity; people believed that the Holy Spirit was working them. In Third World cultures epilepsy continue to be defined in super natural terms. Recently a community study in Nigeria found that after heredity, witch craft was the cause of epilepsy amongst the lay populace (Awaritefe et al, 1985). Danesi (1984) has revealed that most Nigerians with epilepsy experience it as highly stigmatizing and something to be hidden from others but through medical discoveries and medical advances we know that epilepsy is caused by abnormal neurological activity that occurs as a result of damage or result to the brain. Epilepsy is now controlled by carbamazepine tablets and sodium valproate which controls the seizures however, what we all know is subject to reinterpretation. At any time new technological advances, new medical discoveries, new ways of looking at the structure and functioning of the body or brain could replace the current orthodoxy and epilepsy could come to be seen in a completely different light. Department of Health (1999) launched a strategy to ensure that doctors and nurses have the skills they need to use to make the best use of new technology introduced into the NHS. The right to freedom from discriminations for people with a range of disabilities, including those with a learning disability, has been enshrined in the 1995 Disability Discrimination Act which says employers should make reasonable adjustments to allow an individual with disability to gain employment and ramps to be provided so that wheel chair users can access t facilities in the facilities in the community. Also there is the Valuing People 2001 which state that support should be given to people with learning disabilities and their families and that people with disabilities should have control over their lives as much as possible (Department of Health, 2009). I have also done a small scale research and investigated the perceptions of people with specific needs which I carried at Shining Star Residential Care Home . LO1. 3 Social policy is the only one way of encouraging and promoting ethical practice. The functions of a regulatory body go much further than disseminating policies and code of ethics. Legislation acts have helped to set and enforce educational standards, which meet the needs of people, e. g. the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, which protect individuals with disabilities from discrimination (Rogers and Pilgrim, 1991). Legislation plays an important role in ways that services are made available for individuals with specific needs. Legislation modifies attitudes and practices. From the mid 1980’s some western countries e. g. Australia have enacted legislation which embraces a right based discourse rather than a custodial discourse and which seeks to address issue s of social justice and discrimination. The legislation also embraces the conceptual shift form disability being seen as individualised medical problem to rather being about community membership and participation and access to regular societal activities such as employment, education and recreation. Where access is inappropriate, inadequate, difficult or ignored, advocacy processes have been initiated to address situations and promote the people rights. Under the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 an individual has the right to get the information about health services in a format that is accessible to them where it is reasonable for the service provider to provide in the format, a hospital will have to provide forms and any literature in braille or large print to assist any blind person or anyone who have a visual impairment. Most of The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 has been replaced by the Equality act, this was changed on the 1st of October 2010 and is aimed to protect disabled people and prevent disability discrimination. Disabled people are protected in areas of employment, education, access to goods, service and facilities including larger private clubs and land based transport services buying and renting land. The Data Protection Act 1998 is the key legislation that governs the protection of data , when records for service users are kept for the purpose of sharing information to provide a well informed care service the details are kept in the individual service user file , they will have access to it but the information will not be shared with others The Valuing People 2001 was designed to improve support for people with learning disabilities and their families; to make sure people with disabilities are in control of their lives and that they have the job they want. The Mental Capacity Act aims to protect people with learning disabilities and metal health conditions. It provides clear guidelines for carers and professional about who can take decisions in which situations. The Health and Social Care Act 2008 established the Care Quality Commission as the regulator of all health and adult social care services. It is a single Act of Parliament that contains the commission’s powers and duties, and represents the modernisation and integration of health and social care. It contains some new powers of enforcement that were not held by any of the predecessor organisations. LO2. 1 A Care plan is a document that articulates a plan of care for and individual with specific need or disability. It helps individuals achieve valued fulfilling lifestyles, because it is build around the needs of the person rather than expecting them to fit into existing provision (Ritchel et al, 2003). The care plan is for Mr RN , who has autism and has learning disabilities. He is Jewish and is non verbal and he understands little English and uses makaton, sign language and pictures as a mode of communication. To analyse his care needs I will use the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. See figure 1 for Maslow hierarchy of needs Figure 1 : Maslow hierarchy of needs Mr. RN had stroke and is unable to walk properly. He uses a walking stick to move around in the house and a wheel chair when out in the community. He does not hear properly and uses hearings aids. At the care home staff always checks if it is working properly, by changing the butteries and cleaning it for him. He also uses glasses to improve his vision. Mr RN’s care plan is person-centred to meet all his care needs at the same time he makes his own choices. His holistic needs are met according to his choice through assessment. He is from a Jewish background and sticks to his religious beliefs and culture seriously. RN is always supported to the synagogue every Friday to attend to his spiritual wellbeing. I respect his beliefs to avoid abuse, discrimination, oppression or prejudice. He is also provided with kosher meals. The organisation I work for has a Jewish calendar that recognises all the facts and festivals to highlight his religious rights. I relate this to Abraham Maslow’s (1908-1980) hierarchy of needs, ‘a theory of human Motivation’. It has five levels to it with the most basic needs at the bottom of the pyramid. I prepare meals for RN according to his cultural and religious needs. I ask him what he would like to eat from the variety of his kosher meal. I make sure RN’s safety and security or protection from harm and abuse according to Health and Safety Act 1974. I have to ensure that the environment around the care home is safe and welcoming for family members visiting. Socially, I support RN to visit family and friends. This gives him sense of belonging, love, friendship and trust. During the key working I encourage RN by reassuring him everything is fine. This builds his confidence thus leading to self actualisation growth. When these needs are successfully met chances are the service users feels more valued and respected, it also promotes independence. LO2. 2 At my workplace we have a set of policies and procedures that we use when we work with clients with specific needs. Looking at Mr RN’s care plan I follow the Data Protection Act 1998 in maintaining his confidentiality and that only necessary people access his care plan. He has little awareness when it comes to safety and I follow the Health and Safety at Work 1974 to meet his safety needs, Mr RN cannot walk for long distance, he uses a wheelchair when out in the community and the wheel chair is checked every day before use to see if it’s not damaged. We have the dial a ride that comes to pick him up and take him to the day centre and he has the blue badge scheme that allows him to have free parking he goes to shopping malls. We use the visual communication systems such as Picture Exchange Communication to help him plan for activities; he is able to choose what he wants to eat with no problems. By doing this we are promoting independence as he is able to do things on his own. LO2. 3 The organisation I work for is located in the Redbridge Borough. The borough offers the Community Toilet Scheme which provides clean, safe and accessible public toilets in more convenient locations for residents. Disabled people can use the toilet free of charge during normal working hours. There is a Redbridge Institute of Adult Education that provides a range of courses for people with specific needs and offers pottery lesson, arts and crafts, music and dance lesson for people with learning disabilities . he college provides a range of specialised equipment or learning resources to meet specific needs for people with disability, this includes hearing loops and large print keyboards. Day care services provide  support  for  people living in the community, social inclusion and respite care  for carers. It offers  practical and emotional support by providing  a range of activities and facilities to  help  stay as independent as possible and improve and maintain  quality of life. Dial a ride provides offers door-to-door service for disabled people who cant use buses, trains or the London underground. It can be used for all sorts of journeys, making it easier to go shopping, visit friends and attend doctors appointments. Furthermore, there is London Taxi card, which provides subsidised door-to-door transport in taxis and private-hire vehicles for people who have serious mobility or visual impairment doo The Borough provides ambulances in case of emergencies. There is also Occupational Therapy Service which works with rehabilitation care workers to ensure carers practice safe manual handling. They carry our risk assessments and provide carers with specialised training to use a range of equipment. STAAR (supporting those with autism and Aspergers Redbridge) offers swimming for people with special needs. They organise activities to raise awareness and highlight the needs of children and adults with specific needs. LO3. 1 Autism has no cure and therefore there are a number of approaches and interventions available to help people with various difficulties they may have. Approaches vary in costs and availability in different areas. It also depends what suits an individual, the family, the multi –disciplinary team will decide what best intervention or approach is suitable for an individual. There are ten approaches /interventions for people to choose from, these are: the behavioural intervention, complementary therapies, diet and supplements, medical interventions, physiological intervention, relationship based intervention, service based intervention, and skills based intervention, standard therapies and technology. I will explain the two service based interventions and one standard therapy intervention because we use these at my workplace. TEACCH is a service based intervention/programme and stands for Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communications Handicapped Children/Adults. TEACCH is not a technique or a method. It is a complete programme based on the principle that the person with autism is the priority. It provides services for children and adults with autism and related developmental disorders. TEACCH works with people from all parts of the autistic spectrum and offers continuing support with the primary aim of enabling them to live as members of the community. TEACCH programme helps alleviate some possible frustrations associated with challenging behaviour for people who are non verbal or verbal and also assist in communication (Clements and Zarkowska 2000, Cumine at al 2000, Jordan and Jones 1999, Jordan and Powell 1998, Powell and Jordan 1997) SPELL approach is also a service based intervention and stands for : Structure: people with autism find change very frightening and they struggle to cope in new or unfamiliar situations. This safe, predictable and reassuring environments and activities give people with autism the opportunity to increase their independence, develop their communication skills and reduce their anxiety. Positive expectations and approaches: barriers of each person are identified and in this approach people work tom overcome these and achieve their goal and potential Empathy: people see and understand the world in the same way that a person with autism experiences it. They focus on individual interests and preferences, understanding what motivate distresses or preoccupies each person . sing these insights to help people deliver the best possible care and support. Low arousal: in this approach people respond to people’s sensory needs by providing surroundings and activities that are calm, focused and free from clutter and distraction. This approach helps to increase independence in all aspects of life Links: this is linking the family and the wider community and other support services and reducing the difficulties faced by people with autism, it is aimed to help them move together towards a world where they have the same opportunities Lastly the speech and language therapy is a standard intervention. It is aimed to understand the nature and extent of child/adults difficulties and facilitate better communication where possible. Through the speech and language therapy the service users I work with are able to have a say in the things they like to do. LO3. 2 The TEACCH approach has been very effective to the service users I work with. It has enhanced their lives and we have seen an increased improvement in self help skills, social skills and there is reduction in appropriate behaviour. Through skill enhancement one of the TEACCH seven key principles, CA one of the service users can make tea on his own and all staff encourage him to keep on doing that on a daily basis, the risk assessment also highlighted the risk associated with him making the tea and the benefit of him making the tea, the benefit are increased independency. Also a research conducted by Ulster University has shown that communication, concentration and independence has improved by 80% for people with autism. TEACCH has helped our service users to introduce routine and stability in cases where they are hyper sensitive and confused (Cumine et al 2000). The SPELL approach is also effective. , we have a sensory room (it is a quite simple room, for a person with special needs, it is a pleasant environment where the distractions of the outside world are completely absent, present them with, music and attention grabbing moving colours and shapes and then add the ability for the person to actually make things happen that are so dramatic that they cannot be missed and you have the building blocks of real progress. This is a low arousal technique and it really works as the service users have gained a lot of independence. The Speech and Language Therapy is the key part of the autism treatment. This therapy has been effective to the service users I work with because the speech therapist has assisted us in working with the service users through the speech therapy technique. We use makaton, signs, and pictures boards with words to communicate with the service users. This approach is effective because now we are able to communicate with them both verbally and non verbal. Service users are able to make choices and preferences about their day to day lives. JW is able to ask who is sleeping over by showing us this sign (it means sleep). Without the intervention of the speech therapist JW was only saying few words and never learned any news words, this was also said by (Koegel and Koegel 1998) However, some of the approaches cost a lot of money and there has been many service dilemmas and polices. It a service user’s right that they get support to meet their communication needs and we had to wait a long time before a speech language therapist was assigned to our home. Our priority is to make sure service users get the right support they need at all times. In addition, it is costly for Social Services because they have to pay professionals who support families with autistic members. To support residential and day care cost extremely high, for adults who require ongoing support. There is cost of education for individuals with autism who require more level of support. More hours and attention is need for carers who have to go through national training strategy for Autism, to meet the needs of service users. LO3. 3 There are a lot of developments emerging in today’s world to support people with specific needs. As I work with people with autism, there is an Autism Awareness Card and this card is used to educate the general public in challenging moments while in the community. One side of the card contains information specific to the individual and strategies that are helpful to use. The other side of the card is the general information about autism, the card are developed using the person centred approach so that specific information about the individual is used. There are approaches available to help treat autism and organisations that offer advice to parents and organisations. There are services offered to organisations and people working with, or supporting someone who has an autistic spectrum disorder there organisation provide autism specific expertise to advise/help with future service planning and people on mailing list so that they are kept informed of developments or training in the area, they help key people access to resources for people with autism . There are training available for staff to enable them to work with people with specific needs. LO4. 1 Emerson (1995) defines challenging behaviour as â€Å"culturally abnormal behaviour(s) of such intensity , frequency or duration that the physical safety of that person or others is likely to be placed in serious jeopardy , or behaviour which is likely to seriously limit use of, or result in the person being denied access to , ordinary community facilities. Challenging behaviour is a social label and a person is not a challenge, the behaviour may challenge us in terms of our understanding and response Challenging behaviour can ‘result in the person being denied to access, to ordinary community facilities’ (Emerson, 1995). At my workplace service user TB has been banned from five pubs because he was spitting on other customers and urinating on the floor. Customers complained about his behaviour and pub managers had to ban him. Research has shown that males are more likely to display challenging behaviour than females and their behaviours tend to be more aggressive. Challenging behaviour tends to reach a peak between the ages of 15 and 34 years of age and is particularly over represented in the 14-24 year old age group. The service users I work with have autism and present a lot of challenging behaviour. They present a lot of challenging behaviour as an act of communication, environmental factors sometimes causes challenging behaviour for example JW exhibits challenging behaviour when we go to crowded noisy places. Also JW cry when he listens to certain music this is contributed by historical / emotional factors. Some service users self harm by lip and hand biting. Furthermore, challenging behaviour is caused by mental health factors for example a service user with dual diagnosis (Down syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder); they develop repetitive behaviour and don’t like to be touched and loud noises. 4. 2. When dealing with challenging behaviour health care organisations need intervention plans, policies and procedures to follow as this is best practice. At my workplace we follow the BILD (British Institute of Learning Disabilities) policy framework for physical interventions which sets out three broad categories of physical intervention and the DoH Dfes guidance on restrictive physical intervention. My manager makes sure staff get proper induction when they start their employment and clear guidelines are written in the employees handbook, all staff attend training to deal with challenging behaviour and this include training challenging behaviour, managing violence and aggression, self harm and Caring for People on the Autistic Spectrum. Also the manager makes sure that policies and procedures are written and all times followed under the BILD policy framework. As professionals in the health care sector we have a duty of care towards the vulnerable people we look after, we need to avoid action that will or may harm others and we should always work in the best interest of the service user. At my workplace we follow the General Social Care Council, Codes of Practice for Social Care Workers (Code 4) which states that as a social worker you must respect the rights of service users while seeking to ensure that their behaviour does not harm themselves or other people. This includes: * Recognising that service users have the right to take risks and helping them to identify and manage potential and actual risks to themselves and others * Following risks assessments , policies and procedures to access whether the behaviour of service users presents a risk of harm to themselves or others * Taking necessary steps to minimise the risks of service user from doing actual or potential harm to themselves or others and * Ensuring that relevant colleagues and agencies are informed about the outcomes and implications of risk assessment. My organisation’s policy is to make sure all staffs are trained in managing challenging behaviours without causing any harm to individuals. This is done in accordance with the Mental Capacity Act 2005, which states that: someone is using restraint if they: use force – or threaten to use force – to make someone do something they are resisting, or restrict a person’s freedom of movement, whether they are resisting or not’. At my care home we use safe practices like the team teach training. LO4. 3 â€Å"Each person is different and each behaviour needs to be considered in its own right. In addition the reasons behind one’s behaviour may not be the same as the reasons behind another behaviour which the person shows. A person may shout because this makes others do as he asks. He may hit because this makes others leave him alone. There is therefore a need to build a detailed understanding of why a particular person is engaging in a particular behaviour and why he is likely to engage in that behaviour more under some circumstances than under others. † (Clement and Zarkowska 2000) p. 38 The NICE (2006) states that non-phamalogical interventions should be used first before medication in cases of challenging behaviours. Some of the challenging behaviours are caused when service users are expressing their unmet needs . At my workplace all staff have been trained in communication as effective communication plays important role managing behaviours. We use body language, signs and pictures to communicate with service users who are non verbal. At my workplace we use different strategies to deal with challenging behaviour for service users. We try to use positive, preventative, calming, defusing and problems solving skills instead of holding, restraining and breakaway when dealing with challenging behaviour and in most cases it works well. For example service user JW likes to know who is sleeping over at the end of the shift, when he is presenting challenging behaviour staff calm him down by saying ‘JW do you want me to do sleep over tonight,’ he answers yes and staff will tell him that what he is doing in not nice and because of that no one is sleeping over ,we encourage him to do something like emptying the dishwasher , and remind him that someone will sleep over if he continues to be good, JW calms downs apologises to staff and the other service user for his behaviour . He continues to sign sleep in makaton to show that he is happy. Also we always try to remind JW of his behaviour at calm moments of the day (Attwood 1998, Clements and Zarkowska 2000, Gray 1995). Also we have a change in setting strategy to manage DC’s challenging behaviour. DC has Autistic Spectrum Disorder and finds any change difficult to tolerate. We support DC to the day centre every Monday we do group activities and DC is disruptive at all times. An assessment was done and it showed that DC did not like crowds and noisy environment. He is encouraged to work in a small quiet room with few other people and once she is settled we give her a small task which means she only visits the larger room for a short time and return. After sometime we reintroduced her to the larger group but we seated her at a table near the door with only two people near her. To manage her behaviour she is asked to deliver things to different rooms. This strategy has worked well and it means DC does not have to spend the whole day in the larger room and the gradual reintroduction resulted in significant reduction of disruptive behaviour.

A Sad Day in My Life Essays

A Sad Day in My Life Essays A Sad Day in My Life Essay A Sad Day in My Life Essay Essay Topic: In the Waiting Room A Sad Day in My Life My grandma and I were like best friends. We were very close. I would always visit her at least two or three times a week, more than anyone else in our family. We would always have a good and fun time together. Well one day I was on my way to visit her at her house but I had found out that she had gone to the emergency room because she was bleeding through the brain. When I found that I out I just broke down and got to the hospital as fast as I could. I knew because of that, that she wasn’t going to last much longer. She was going to have to get brain surgery. The doctor said it was going to be very difficult to do. I cried that whole day and the next few days. My family talked to the doctor and he told them that if they succeed she will be fine and healthy but it would take some time for her to be back to her normal self, well the procedure was successful but they realized that she wasn’t going to be healthy like they thought she would. We found out that she had a high chance of being a veggie, which means she would still be alive but wouldn’t be able to move or talk. My grandma told my uncles and me to go in the room because she had something to tell us. Well we did and she told us if she would become a veggie then she would want us to pull the plug on her. A couple days later after she told us she passed away unfortunately. Everyone was sad and depressed especially myself. It hurt me the most. I wouldn’t talk to anyone or even acknowledge that they were there. My heart felt like it had stopped beating for a couple seconds. I was crying and shaking in the waiting room. This was the saddest day of my life. Not only did I lose my grandma, I lost one of my best friends. She taught me how to cook, make coffee, helped me take my first steps, and a lot of other things I do to this day. I was so sad and angry that day that I bawled my fists up and punched a hole in the waiting room wall. I started yelling and crying and the doctor â€Å"I thought you said that she would be alright. You lied to us. † My uncles pulled me back and started hugging me trying to calm me down. That day was the first time that my family has ever seen me down like that before. Every day I think about her and reminisce about all the good times we had and say to myself that she is in better place with my grandpa. A couple weeks later we had her memorial with pictures, a slideshow, and flowers. Family from all around the U. S came to her memorial at my uncle’s house. Every night I repeat to myself this quote by an unknown author â€Å"When someone you love becomes a memory, the memory becomes a treasure. †

DPA Unit 2 Assign Essay

DPA Unit 2 Assign Essay DPA Unit 2 Assign Essay U02a1 – Research Question and Practice Theory DPA 8100 – Fundamentals of Public Administration Research by Barbara M. Green-Flood Capella University November, 2014 Introduction As of 2014, it is estimated that close to a half-million children live in the child welfare system. Of the half-million children living in the child welfare system a third of these children will â€Å"age out† of the child welfare system without a permanent family or a place to call home. When the term â€Å"age out† is used, it refers to youth who have become emancipated from the system. These youth are now considered adults. Many of these youth leaves the system with very little to no resources or support. Some will end up homeless, incarcerated, human trafficked, and some dead. Studies have shown that when youth â€Å"age out† of the child welfare system they are faced with numerous challenges such as, not being able to support themselves, financial instability, finding affordable and safe housing, obtaining health insurance, finding work, and continuing their education. As the number of youth aging out of the system continues to grow, so does the need to provide these youth with the necessary tools to be successful as they transition out of the system. In 2009 the government signed into law the Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoption Act of 2008. This legislation included the re-evaluation of many areas of the child welfare system laws, particularly the laws surrounding older youth aging out of the child welfare system. Since the passing of the Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoption Act 2008, the Federal legislation ordered states to set the well-being of youth in foster care as their priority. â€Å"The Fostering Connections Act has brought national attention to the important needs of older youth in foster care and has prompted thoughtful action amount many state policy and programmatic leaders; however, more needs to be done†. (Cooper, Jordan & Mc-Coy-Roth, 2013, p. 32) The Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoption Act 2008 law extends the youth care until he/she reaches the age of 21. The law also requires states and all those who are involved in the care of children, to assist every child in preparing a personalized transitional plan once the youth reaches the age of 17 and every six months thereafter until the youth reach the age of 21. The transition plan is an opportunity for the youth to set goals and plans as to how they will access health care, find a job, further their education, and prepare living arrangements. This transitional plan is an opportunities for the youth to maintain supportive services and workforce support. (Cooper, Jordan & Mc-Coy-Roth, 2013, p. 30) History of the Laws in Child Welfare System In 1974 the United States Congress became aware (with the assistance of many citizens and advocate groups) that the child welfare system was not providing adequate protection for vulnerable children. Hence the Child Abuse Prevention & Treatment Act was born. This law paved the way for other legislation around the prevention and protection of children. In 1980 the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act was establish requiring states to form a data collection and reporting system tracking the care of children placed in the child welfare system. In 1990 the Indian Child Protection and Family Violence Prevention Act was established. This law was established to fund abuse and prevention of tribal children. In 1994 Multi-Ethnic Placement Act was established to decrease the time children wait to be adopted and to prevent discrimination in the placement of children and in the selection of foster and adoptive placements. In 1997 the Adoption and Safe Families Act was established, this law placed direct timelines on the operation within the child welfare system. In 1999 the Foster Care Independence Act was established to

Advocacy letter about sexual orientation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advocacy letter about sexual orientation - Essay Example Amongst this number included 17.5% of the students who were personal victims of the situation. We realize that part of what causes this problem is the fact that there is no adequate research or funding that can aid research on the sexual orientation area. There is, however, lots of talking and discussions about sexual orientation that goes on around the country. Though it might not be open to us to fully know the medical or scientific foundations that results to the sexual orientation of an individual, our system is already handling the discussion in such a way that its impact is quite vivid. Some of the students reactions I school can be seen as many of them do not feel safe due to their sexual orientation. This can be explained by the results of the survey on school safety that was carried out by an organization known as GLSEN in 2013. In this survey, it was proved that sexual orientation as a factor contributed to 55.5% of the LGBT students feeling unsafe at school. The same surve y found out that, 37.8% of the students were felt unsafe at school due to their gender expression. It is vividly clear that sexual orientation as an important concern to students is not being addressed in schools even as people continue to increase their awareness and education with regards to sex. This is a notion that needs to change. It is understood that until now, this issue has not been addressed satisfactorily. There have been many misunderstandings about the issue that has made the topic extremely sensitive. The major source of misunderstandings is the national religious variations we have in the country. Quoting from the U.S Constitution, we have two fundamental principles that apply to all the public schools. The first amendment is about the separating church and the state and protection of the freedom of speech. The fourteenth

Project Mangement Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project Mangement Paper - Essay Example The project management has been defined by many researchers such as Crawford, Pollack and England (2006), Georgieva and Allan (2008), Kwak and Anbari (2008) and Pfeffer (2010), but still there is no single concrete definition for it. However, Dr. Denis Petersen (2009) described project management as the way by which an organisation accomplishes the goal of completing its projects on time. The project is defined as a venture in which financial, human and material sources are combined together in an organised way to perform work that has a unique scope along with a particular set of specifications that have some time and cost constraints (Smyth and Morris, 2007). Malhotra, Majchrzak and Benson (2007) rightly stated that the main aim of the project is to acquire a change that is beneficial for the organisation and that it is defined and measured by setting both qualitative and quantitative objectives. According to Pinto and Slevin (1998) cited by Georgieva and Allan (2008), project mana gement can be best described as the management of a project which has the following characteristics: a beginning and an end, i.e. specific time for completion; a predetermined goal or set of goals; and a set of interrelated activities and a limited budget. In order to manage the projects well, it is important to have good project managers. The project managers are the leaders who have to ensure that everything regarding the project is properly sequenced and planned out –i.e. the issues of raw materials, human resources and finances need to be addressed beforehand. The primary duties of the project manager are building the best team for the project, co-ordinating with the team members, establishing vision and communicating it to the team members, establishing realistic goals, motivating the team members to perform effectively, and encouraging people to stretch while communicating appropriately with each other (Peterson, 2009). Nine Key Skills and Managerial Elements As regards the duration of A3 HindHead project, it can be said that the project management team has considered all the factors of the project: time, cost and quality. Although the project had been in pipeline since 1970s, the right time to control the traffic on the bridge came in 2011. The most important elements considered in the project management of the aforementioned situation are the project’s scope, time, cost, workforce and the procurement for the project. The foremost aspect that needs to be considered is the scope of the project. The project manager needs to first identify the aims, goals and objectives of the clients. It is important to have clarity about the vision of the project; once the vision is clear, the direction will be well-set and goals will be achieved within the agreed time period. Along with the scope of the project, it is important to identify the cost and time limitations, i.e. when the project should be completed, how the project’s progress will be me asured and what will be done to ensure that the obstacles are tackled. Likewise, the budget designing is important so that the project manager has ample ideas about the financial constraints the client faces. Simultaneously, the project manager has to ensure that the workforce is well-motivated and has a clear understanding about the goals and objectives to be attained. For the project manager, it is important to motivate the workforce, especially the workers, so that they perform all the

“Romeo and Juliet” and Act 4 Scene 1 of “Much Ado About Nothing” Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† and Act 4 Scene 1 of â€Å"Much Ado About Nothing† Essay In this essay I will focus on the relationships between father and daughter in both Romeo and Juliet and also Much Ado About Nothing. As in both RJ and Much Ado both father and daughter were in a family conflict on the same debate of romance. I will focus on the 4 different aspects on about both of these plays such as the social and historical influences on display in the scene, the cultural historical traditions, the effects of character actors and finally the layers of meaning, idea’s and themes. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy as the two star crossed lovers die in order to for the Capulet’s and Montague’s reunite and put an end to being enemies towards each other. On the other hand Much Ado About Nothing is a romantic comedy, whilst this genre does generally contain a potentially disastrous conflict which threatens harm to the characters, the conflict is resolved by the end and all ends happily so this conflict is much more minor than the conflict in Romeo and Juliet. In both plays the girl’s conflict with their fathers comes as the central crisis point of the play Romeo and Juliet Act 3 Scene 5, Much Ado About Nothing Act 4 Scene 1. It is the key moment of crisis in each play after which they both head in very different directions. Lady Capulet proposes that her daughter has a â€Å"Careful father† which exposes things like how Lady Capulet expresses the feelings that she is supposedly to have towards her daughter and her husband. Instantly the audience senses that Lady Capulet may entirely be terrified of her husband although it isn’t actually shown in the play. Most parents ask their daughters/son to get to know the person who they could marry, however Lord Capulet demands that Juliet marries Paris and also if she disobeys her father’s orders than Lord Capulet would disown her. On the other hand Lord Capulet has gone behind his daughters wishes and consent by securing the marriage with Paris. Shakespeare doesn’t conclude this so he infests a seed into Juliet’s mind. Shakespeare does this by emphasising Lord Capulet’s reaction when Juliet disagrees to follow his rules. Juliet understands that both her parents are in this â€Å"deal† with Paris therefore this has to play in favour for her father. Juliet immediately introduces the idea that her father isn’t doing this for his daughters well being but he is only doing this for his own benefit. However â€Å"culturally† this is Lady Capulet’s job to make sure her daughter marries Paris, this is because she is the wife and also the mother of her 13 year old daughter. The audience comprehends that culturally and socially this would be outrageous for her to do so. Shakespeare cunningly makes Lady Capulet distant herself in such a way that nobody notices apart from the audience. This backs Juliet into a corner where she than decides what she has to do next. In this case she patently decides to fool everyone into thinking that she has died a horrible death.

The Modern Evolutionary Synthesis and the History of Its Development :: Evolution Science Biology Research Papers

The Modern evolutionary synthesis is combination of Darwinian evolutionary theory and Mendelian genetics. It is impossible to understand the theory and it's importance to the scientific community unless one understands the history behind the theory. From 1902 to 1953 major publications in the areas of systematics, developmental biology, botany, population genetics, and paleontology sucessfully integrated Darwin's four postulates and Mendelian genetics into a reformation of evolutionary theory. The new theory is referred to as the Modern Synthesis, Evolutionary Synthesis, or the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis. These terms can be used inter-changeably. Before one can understand the Modern Synthesis and this analysis there a few defintions that must be explained in order to grasp the concept, espically if a person is not familiar with biological terminology. This list of definitions does not have to be read fully but is provided to refer to when a biological term is not understood... of course maybe not every term that isn't understood, but the majority. -Allele-one of a pair, or series, of alternative forms of a gene that occur at a given locus (location) in a chromosome. -Fitness-the number of offspring left by an individual, often compared with the average of the population or with some other standard, such as the number left by a particular genotype. -Gene-a hereditary determinant of a specific biological function; a unit of inheritance (DNA) located in a fixed position on a chromosome. -Genotype-the genetic constitution (gene makeup) of a an organism. -Phenotype-The observable characteristics of an organism. -Chromosomes-darkly staining nucleotide bodies that are observed in cells during division. Each chromosome carries a linear array of genes. -Mutation-a change in DNA at a particular locations in an organism. The term is used loosely to include point mutations involving a single gene change as well as a chromosomal changes. -Variation-in biology, the occurrence of differences among individuals. -Taxon (plural: Taxa)-any named group of organisms. -Macroevolution-large evolutionary change ,usually in morphology; typically refers to the evolution of differences among populations that would warrant their placement in different genera or higher-level taxa. -Microevolution-changes in a gene frequencies and trait distributions that occur within populations and species. -Inheritance-the hypothesis that phenotypic changes in the parental generations can be passed on intact, to the next generation. -Population-for sexual species, a group of interbreeding individuals and their offspring; for asexual species, a group of individuals living in the same area. -Natural Selection-a difference, on average, between the survival or fecundity of

Chinese nurse-client relationship Essay

The Chinese perspective of nursing Nursing is to understand the health status and concerns of a person, to devise interventions with appropriate health knowledge and skills. There are four Chinese characteristics of epistemic concerns. Qing (? ) is emotion. Li (? ) and zhi (? ) means knowing what is good and right in practice through scientific or systematic studies respectively. Xing (? ) is action. The chinese perspective of nurse To nurse, Chinese people generally argree that the role of the nurses is to report their conditions rapidly to doctors. A Confucian principle of hierarchical relationship between doctor and nurses shows that nurses should know their place, defer to their superiors anf know when to call doctors. Solution to chinese implication Some Chinese cultures like belief, value, attitudes and taboos may act as barriers of clients and nurses. It can be tackled by reminding the nurse to be cultural sensitive in caring process. For instances, nurses may consider characteristics of Chinese people. Chinese always avoid the word dead which is a symbol of unauspicious. They can tacit communication approach like euphemism which is indirect words using the end of life. Nurses may apply therapeutic communication strategies: -To be client-focused, problem-oriented and situational based -Classified as supportive-expressive, analytic and consultative -Directive and educationally focused The Chinese culture is conflicts between Chinese culture and health belief of western medicine. To solve it, we nurses acknowledge of culturally specific nature of problem. Another Chinese culture is the tradition perceive problem as family affairs. To solve it, we nurse can build up nurse-client relationship with strong bond of trust by more communication.

Tanglewood Case 2

Table 1. 1 Markov Analysis Information Transition probability matrixCurrent year (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)Exit Previous year(1) Store associate0. 530. 060. 000. 000. 000. 41 (2) Shift leader0. 000. 500. 160. 000. 000. 34 (3) Department manager0. 000. 000. 580. 120. 000. 30 (4) Assistant store manager0. 000. 000. 060. 460. 080. 40 (5) Store manager0. 000. 000. 000. 000. 660. 34 Forecast of availabilitiesNext year (projected) (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)Exit Current Workforce Previous year(1) Store associate8,50045055100003485 (2) Shift leader1,20006001920. 00. 0408 (3) Department manager85000. 04931020. 0255 4) Assistant store manager15000. 09691260 (5) Store manager5000. 00. 00. 03317 Gap analysisNext year (projected) (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) Year end total (column sum)4505111069417145 External hires needed (current workforce-total)399590156 215 Environmental Scan Based on the environmental scan, it has been concluded that Tanglewood may have a hard time filling their vacancies in the future. Even though the unempl oyment rate in the area is high, recent forecasts suggest that expansion in the professional and managerial sectors of the labor market may reduce the number of individuals available for these jobs. Since Tanglewood only promotes from within, the entry level position of store associates does not appeal to many applicants. College graduates with management degrees are hesitant to start at a low position and work their way up. Many want the managerial position without putting in the work. Action Plan Based on Table 1. 1, it is forecasted that Tanglewood will need to hire over 4,200 employees. Since Tanglewood has a policy of promoting internally, most of the positions that will be filled will be store associates. It is believed that Tanglewood will need 3,995 store associates, 90 shift leaders, 156 department managers, 21 assistant store managers, and 5 store managers. In order to meet Tanglewood’s needs, here is the plan of action: -Tanglewood will hire 3,995 employees to fill store associate positions. Even though this is an entry level position, we will try to make it as appealing to applicants as we can. It is perceived that entry level sales positions are long hours, low pay, and frequent conflict with lower-level employees. These perceptions are partially correct, but we can appeal to applicants by giving them information about the Tanglewood operational plan. Tanglewood believes that it is very important to have complete employee involvement. Employees are involved with formulating methods for running their departments, as well having profit-share benefits, and weekly meetings allow all employees to voice their opinions. The management positions will be filled by experienced associates and other lower management employees. Based on Table 1. Comparing Incumbency to Availability and Annual Placement Goals, in each section (store associates, shift leaders and department managers) there is a goal for either minorities or females. No particular segment has a fulfillment of both females and minorities. This pattern suggests that possible each department focuses on one or the other, but not both. Once they have reached their current goal, they should work hard to maintain that goal. Based on the analysis and affirmative action plan, I think that Tanglewood should adjust their recruiting and promotion practices. It has been well known that Tanglewood promotes from within. What will they do if a majority of the minorities do not continue working for Tanglewood as a sales associate? Due to their policy, higher management positions will not be likely to be filled by minorities if there are a small amount of minorities to choose from. Tanglewood needs to not only meet the minimum goal when hiring minorities and woman, but exceed that goal. Their policy of internal promotions can be a problem when dealing with minorities because of the reason recently discussed. There are many advantages of internal promotions, such as employee knowledge of Tanglewood. Tanglewood Case 2 Question 1 Table 1. 1 Markov Analysis Information Transition probability matrix| Current year| | (1)| (2)| (3)| (4)| (5)| Exit| Previous year| (1) Store associate| 0. 53| 0. 06| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 41| | (2) Shift leader| 0. 00| 0. 50| 0. 16| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 34| | (3) Department manager| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 58| 0. 12| 0. 00| 0. 30| | (4) Assistant store manager| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 06| 0. 46| 0. 08| 0. 40| | (5) Store manager| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 6| 0. 34| | | Forecast of availabilities| Next year (projected)| | (1)| (2)| (3)| (4)| (5)| Exit| | | Current Workforce| | | | | | | Previous year| (1) Store associate| 8,500| 4505| 510| 0| 0| 0| 3485| | (2) Shift leader| 1,200| 0| 600| 192| 0| 0| 408| | (3) Department manager| 850| 0| 0| 493| 102| 0| 255| | (4) Assistant store manager| 150| 0| 0| 9| 69| 12| 60| | (5) Store manager| 50| 0| 0| 0| 0| 33| 17| | | | | | | | | Gap analysis| Next year (projected)| | | (1)| (2)| (3)| (4)| (5)| | Year end total(column sum)| 4505| 1110| 685 | 171| 45| | External hires needed (current workforce-total)| 3995| 408| 391| 48| 33| Environmental Scan Based on the environmental data, some factors that suggest Tanglewood might have difficulty filling positions is based on retail work is not desirable to recent college graduates. Tanglewood would like to hire those that can start lower at shift level and move up the chain and have college background. However retail is not the more desirable market since it has long hours, low pay, and conflict with lower-level employees. Developing a plan of action takes careful planning. Tanglewood has to look at the percentage of employees needed each year for each position. During the first two years, store associates will be needed mainly with 50% increase of shift leaders during year two. Tanglewood wants to make sure there is a long term relationship with the employees, allowing them to grow within the company. Hiring and promoting from within helps with filling in gaps. The other way is hiring temporary employees. Question 2 The only one I can tell that is out of line is the minority availability for store associates. The incumbency percent is below 80% and they have no goal set. This pattern shows that they are not hiring minorities giving them a chance to grow within the company. This means that minority shift leaders and managers will be extremely low. Tanglewood Case 2 Transition probability matrix| Current year| | (1)| (2)| (3)| (4)| (5)| Exit| Previous year| (1) Store associate| 0. 43| 0. 06| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 51| | (2) Shift leader| 0. 00| 0. 54| 0. 16| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 30| | (3) Department manager| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 64| 0. 06| 0. 00| 0. 30| | (4) Assistant store manager| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 06| 0. 52| 0. 08| 0. 34| | (5) Store manager| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 66| 0. 34| | | Forecast of availabilities| Next year (projected)| | (1)| (2)| (3)| (4)| (5)| Exit| | | Current Workforce| | | | | | | Previous year| (1) Store associate| 8,500| 3655| 510| 0| 0| 0| 4335| | (2) Shift leader| 1,200| 0| 648| 192| | | 360| | (3) Department manager| 850| 0| | 544| 51| | 255| | (4) Assistant store manager| 150| 0| | 9| 78| 12| 51| | (5) Store manager| 50| 0| | | | 33| 17| | | | | | | | | Gap analysis| Next year (projected)| | | | (1)| (2)| (3)| (4)| (5)| | Year end total(column sum)| 3655| 1158| 745| 129| 45| | External hires needed (current workforce-total)| 4845| 552| 306| 72| 17| Specific Assignment Details For the store manager group, you will analyze the information and prepare a report showing the results of the Markov analysis and the EEO investigation. The Director asked you to address these questions in your written report: 1. Currently the organization expects that their forecast for labor requirements is essentially constant from the previous year. Based on this assumption complete the five stages of the planning process: a. Currently the organization expects that their forecast for labor requirements is essentially constant from the previous year. This means the forecast for next year will be taken as given. b. Fill in the empty cells in the forecast of labor availabilities in Table 1. 1. c. Conduct an environmental scan. Based on the environmental data, what factors in the environment suggest Tanglewood might have difficulty filling their vacancies in the future? Upon performing an environmental scan, we have determined that Tanglewood might have problems filling their vacancies in the future for a variety of reasons. According to the scan, there are available candidates who are ready to fill managerial positions. However, our hiring policies at Tanglewood require employees to start out as store associates and work their way up in the organization if they choose to do so and if the store needs these positions filled. d. Compute year end totals for each job in Table 1. 1 and do a gap analysis to determine where shortages will occur in the next year. e. Develop a preliminary statement of the action plan for hiring for Washington next year. This should be an overview of the number of individuals needed to meet projected staffing levels for various positions that can be given to store managers. Make sure that your recommendations take the strategic staffing levels issues from the introductory case into account. 2. Examine the percentages of employee representation across demographic categories for Tanglewood and the available labor market for Table 1. 3. Are there any particular classes or jobs where the representation within Tanglewood appears to be out of line with the available workforce? What does the pattern suggest to you? 3. Based on your analysis and the affirmative action plan, do you think the company should engage in a specific strategy to change their recruiting and promotion practices? Do you think it is realistic for the company to try to meet their affirmative action goals in this process in a single year? What are the pros and cons of using internal promotions vs. external hiring to rectify the problems with gender and ethnicity representation in supervisory positions? 4. In addition to the specific targets for employee representation for the Spokane flagship location, Tanglewood wants to use this opportunity to establish estimates for the entire chain’s staffing policy regarding demographic representation of the workforce. How do you think individual stores can respond to overarching organizational objectives? Prepare a memo to be disseminated to the individual stores that gives a sense of your targets for the organization as a whole, and also gives the stores advice on how they can assist in narrowing any representation gaps you find through their recruiting, hiring, and promotion practices.